Classical Conditioning Paper - 1279 Words

Classical Conditioning Suzanne Gilbert PSY/390 July 24, 2011 Dr. Tyra Ripley CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify that the attached paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings. Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify quotations of fewer than 40 words†¦show more content†¦619, 1984). Classical Conditioning Scenario When I have to leave town for a few days my daughter misses me. I spray my pillow with my perfume, and I put my boxed fan in her room to sleep with. When she sleeps with me, on occasion, she goes to sleep to the hum of the fan. I provide these things for my daughter to sleep with so they will remind her of me, she is comforted, and pacified until I arrive home. This way she is using her aural and olfaction senses to stimulate contentment and peace. The sense of smell is an amazing way to flood the mind with memories of a specific event or individual. Odor molecules travel through the nasal cavity to the neurons that recognize different smells. These neurons trigger the olfactory nerve, in the center of the brain. The brain senses a particular odor and correlates with memories. Memory and sensation are connected in the brain, which are not fully understood (Smith, p. 35, 2011). Hearing can cause one to remember experiences. A sound sends sound waves funneling through the outer ear; mo ving to the inner ear, hitting the eardrum causing a vibration. This causes a chain reaction, carrying messages to the brain. The temporal lobe in the brain is responsible for hearing, memory, and interprets auditory stimuli. Emotions and learning build new neural pathways and networks. The brain can be changed by one’s experiences and stimulated by his or her senses, thus hearing a sound triggers memories (Patrick, p. 763, 1981). In thisShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning Paper1235 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning Paper Lakeshia Jackson Psy 390 August 1, 2011 Gary Burk Classical Conditioning Paper Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. InRead MoreClassical Conditioning And How It May Help Explain Different1260 Words   |  6 Pages Classical conditioning and how it may help explain different Phobia Ying Xi Lion Chandler-Gilbert community college Abstract This paper contains information on classical conditioning and exploresRead MoreClassical or Operant Conditioning Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesClassical conditioning developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov, laying the foundations for behaviourism. From this J.B Watson and other behaviourists argued psychology should be indicative of predicting and controlling overt behaviour using the conditional reflex. (Watson, 1994). This essay will describe the important features of classical conditioning, consider their use in explaining pathological behaviour and will be answered using empirical evidence. 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Previously, Russian Psychologist Ivan Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning in his experiments with the dog. Based on the works of Pavlov, Dr. Waston extended the principle and first applied on human in his experiment with an 9-month-old infant, named AlbertRead MoreClassical Vs. Classical Conditioning1095 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning In this paper, Classical Conditioning is explored by first giving a general definition along with the general phases of basic classical conditioning. Then, more insight is given about the developers of this learning process and their experiments: Ivan Pavlov and his dog experiment and John B. Watson and Little Albert experiment. 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However, people are unaware of the factors they put in on a day to day basis. Psychologists have made it so that people can fully comprehend these theories. This paper will show how everyday scenarios in the educational field can be broken down and analyzed through behaviorism, the different types of conditionings, and how people learn from them. Behaviorism is â€Å"primarily concerned with observableRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning1189 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences and similarities between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning? Many people believe that Classical and Operant are similar. Several people don’t know what the similarities and differences of Classical and Operant are, several people think it is the same learning method, which in this case I’m going to compare and contrast each behavior and give you information about each one, so you could have a better understanding of each method and what they do. Classical and Operant are very similarRead MoreLearning Experience Paper1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss my learning experiences and analyze them with the perspective of learning theories. I will analyze my learning experiences with regards to classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive- social learning theory. First of all, I would begin by describing my experience of learning to fear lizards with regards to classical conditioning. To give some context to the situation, I was raised in India where lizards, usually in large numbers, are often found on walls

The Burial at Thebes Essay - 1324 Words

Saleem Akbar Prof. Ryna May English 207-C101 10 May 2012 Mo[r]tal Law In Heaney’s The Burial at Thebes, the protagonist defies the law of the state to observe what she sees as higher law. In this regard, Antigone’s actions were ethical in nature for she pursued what she felt was morally righteous. When mortal laws conflict with what we feel are moral laws, we should stand up for the values we believe to be true within ourselves. Sophocles’ play builds a contrast between the ideas of duty and obedience. Duty being the idea that one should uphold truth and value; while obedience, the idea that one should do their best to uphold the laws of man. While Antigone’s methods of pursuing truth are unethical in terms of mortal law, her actions†¦show more content†¦Antigone says, â€Å"And if these men weren’t so afraid to sound unpatriotic, they would say the same. But you are the king, and because you’re king you won’t be contradicted† (Heaney, 32). She is implying that the king’s people ar e favoring the laws of man as oppose to the higher law of the gods. We begin to see Antigone as a noble character for pursuing her own moral nature. Antigone can also be seen as borrowing the philosophies of Rand and Nietzsche. Their philosophies both promote the idea of doing what is right for you and the one’s you love regardless of opposing beliefs from society. â€Å"That there is no more a despicable coward than the man who deserted the battle for his joy, fearing to assert his right to existence, lacking the courage and the loyalty to life of a bird or flower reaching for the sun† (Rand, 451). Here, Rand suggests that one who stands up for what they believe in is both courageous and loyal to their belief systems. â€Å"What is more harmful than any vice? Practical sympathy and pity for all the failures and all the weak... [bad is] all the proceeds from weakness† (Nietzsche, 134). We can relate Nietzsche’s ideas to Antigone’s views as well as those of the people of Thebes. While the people of Thebes eventually side with Antigone, they wouldn’t have done so if Antigone hadn’t followed through with her actions from the start. In this sense, the people of Thebes are seen as weak followers rather thanShow MoreRelatedThe Burial at Thebes1234 Words   |  5 Pagesapart as king. Before he took to the throne Creon took advice from the prophet Tiresias who had so often had been his spiritual and moral compass, and yet in this matter concerning Antigone he will take advice from no one, not from the elders of Thebes, or even his own son Haemon. The book also has conflict between Antigone and her sister, Ismene. In the opening chapter, Ismene becomes central to this moralistic tale as she stands for all that was expected of women in Greece in 5BC. She aloneRead MoreAnalysis of Burial at Thebes Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis The opening events of the play quickly establish the central conflict. Creon has decreed that the traitor Polynices must not be given proper burial, and Antigone is the only one who will speak against this decree and insist on the sacredness of family. Whereas Antigone sees no validity in a law that disregards the duty family members owe one another, Creon’s point of view is exactly opposite. He has no use for anyone who places private ties above the common good, as he proclaims firmlyRead MoreSummary On King s The Burial Of Thebes 1215 Words   |  5 Pageshumans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law† ( Natural Law). Positive law is relatively different from natural law. It is the accepted moral principle of â€Å"God’s law† ( â€Å"Positive Law†). The play â€Å"The burial of Thebes† explores natural law by revealing a king who tries to protect his kingdom from the attacks of his nephew Polyneices. Since Polyneices went against his own people, his own family, a kingdom that has been built by his father/grandfather, he hadRead MoreEssay about Creon the Tragic Hero931 Words   |  4 Pages In the play Antigone by Sophocles,one could easily be lead to believe Antigone is the the tragic hero when in fact a strong case can be made that Creon, the king of Thebes, is actually the tragic hero. In believing that Creon is the tragic hero it would seem practical to call the play Creon rather than Antigone. On the other hand, naming the play Antigone gives the play a twist that leads the audience into a dynamically tragic journey through the lives of a prestigious royal family and it givesRead MoreConfronting Death in Greek Mythology: Allegiance to Family or Empire?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the sovereignty of his father’s country to disintegrate on open land and feed the vultures? Leaving a man to rot, especially when he holds power above most, is both immoral and spiteful. Two royal brothers battle and die for the throne of Thebes and leave behind a city to be led by a wicked and conceited Creon. Antigone experiences great remorse, dishonor, and violation after the passing of her dear brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles. Creon orders Eteocles to be buried with formal rightsRead MoreConflict in The Greek Tragedy Antigone by Sophocles Essay556 Words   |  3 Pagesin the aftermath of a rebellion against Thebes, wherein the brothers Polyneices and Eteocles kill each other, as leaders of opposing armies. Creon, their uncle, assumes rule of Thebes, as the only remaining heir of the previous king; then honors Eteocles as a hero, but forbids any burial for Polyneices, calling him a traitor. Antigone defies this, claiming the gods require him to be buried. This essay will argue that Creon was correct to forbid the burial of Polyneices. Both Antigone and Creon haveRead MoreAnalysis of Antigone862 Words   |  4 Pagesis commonly referred to when mentioning th e United States; the President. Who was once just a loyal friend of Oedipus, now the ruler of Thebes, Creon can be considered Thebes’s president. A ruler who believes and insists that his word is final when it deals with anything under his jurisdiction, meets a match in Antigone, the daughter of the former ruler of Thebes before he parted unto the other side. â€Å"When the unstoppable object collides with an unmovable object,† can be used to describe the twoRead MoreThe Challenges Of Seamus Heaney1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof Irish/English diction and idiom in an attempt to make the play more ‘speakable’. Identifying features of Greek theatrical conventions and how Heaney used these to shape his play. Heaney also presents social and political issues through The Burial at Thebes in a way that resonates with a contemporary audience. The responsibility of the translator of a piece first intended for performance are complex. The challenges can be different depending on whether a translation is commissioned for performanceRead MoreAntigone, by Sophocles996 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessity of burial for proper passing into the afterlife. Believing that Creon’s decree is unjust, Antigone buries her brother. When she is brought to the king, Antigone uses this speech in defense of her actions. In the speech, she uses allusion, diction, and particular sentence structure to increase the effectiveness of her argument. A key factor in the power of her speech is Antigone’s consideration for her audiences. The first of these audiences is Creon the king of Thebes. Creon is receivingRead MoreHubris Runs Deep In Sophocles’ Antigone, Thus Is The Destruction968 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding Polynieces’ proper Greek burial. After Oedipus, father of Antigone, Ismene, Eteocoles, Polyneices, and brother-in-law of Creon died, his throne was left to his two sons. Polyneices gathered an army known as the Seven Against Thebes, to fight against his brother for the throne. While both brothers ended up dying in the aftermath of the fight, Creon took the throne and became the new King of Thebes. Favoring Eteocoles’ honorable fight, he gave him a worthy burial, while Polyneices was left without

Alcibiades Short Free Essays

Alcibiades was born in 450 BC in ancient Athens. He was the child of Cleinias and Deinomache. Through his mother, Deinomache, Alcibiades belonged to a very wealthy and powerful family. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcibiades Short or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alcibiades himself first began to develop into a powerful figure through deception. He was offended when the Spartans overlooked him due to his youth and settled on a treaty agreement with Nicias and Laches instead. Alcibiades seized the chance to go behind the Athenian Assembly’s back by taking ambassadors under his wing and turning them against the Assembly as well. Soon after, Alcibiades was appointed General and began to threaten Sparta’s authority by grouping with other nearby states in the Peloponnese. However, this union was eventually vanquished in the Battle of Mantinea. Years later, Alcibiades was wrongly accused of destroying an important religious statue in Athens. Instead of standing trial, he ran away and was condemned to death because of this. To avoid death, Alcibiades joined the Spartans as a military advisor and contributed very much to their advantage. Nevertheless, Alcibiades fell out of Sparta’s good graces after the retirement of his ally Endius.After a near-death experience in Sparta as well, Alcibiades fled to Persia and began making policy suggestions to Thucydides regarding the Persian court. However, Alcibiades secretly longed to return to Athens so he negotiated with the Athenian leaders for a long time and eventually returned, bringing Persian money and warships with him. Alcibiades was involved in many small wars, including the Battle of Abydos, Battle of Cyzicus, Battle of Aegospotami, and the Battle of Notium. It has been said that Alcibiades was an invincible general and an excellent warrior.However, The Athenians were defeated at the Battle of Notium due to Antiochus, who was the personal helmsman of Alcibiades, disobeying orders. Alcibiades was blamed for the blunder of Antiochus and forced to leave Athens. Alcibiades died in 404 BC and the cause of his death has remained uncertain. A common belief is that his house was purposefully set on fire and he ran outside to get even and attack when he was killed by masses of arrows. The information for this essay was obtained via http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alcibiades How to cite Alcibiades Short, Papers

The Game of Life free essay sample

â€Å"There have been only two geniuses in the world- Willie Mays and Willie Shakespeare† once quipped Tallulah Bankhead. During the last decade I have come to know both. I have been playing competitive baseball since fourth grade. One of my early, crowning achievements was playing for the fourth best USSSA baseball team in the country. In my elementary and middle school years, I prioritized baseball over academics. Seven days a week I had practices and games to attend, along with private training sessions on the side. Starting at age twelve, for several years, I traveled all over the country playing in tournaments for an opportunity to play for scouts. One day I would be signed by a major league team I was so sure of it! In my freshman year of high school, I made the varsity baseball team and became a vital part of the pitching rotation. I earned a lot of playing time and was ranked top 10 in Broward County for most player appearances in games. We will write a custom essay sample on The Game of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my sophomore year, we won the district championship and then went to Regionals a huge accomplishment for our team. We made our families and school extremely proud by making the farthest run into the playoffs in our school’s history. In the summer going into my junior year, I began to contemplate my career opportunities in the sport. I wasn’t nearly one of the biggest players on the field any longer and seemingly stopped growing. It was starting to look like I would have to overcome some pretty significant DNA hurdles in order to realize my dreams. Major league teams and colleges don’t seem to drool over 5’8† pitchers that don’t touch 90mph with their fastball the way I do over a big juicy steak! Even eliminating my less than optimal genes from the equation, I learned that the probability of making it to the pros from high school was 0.5% and to an NCAA team just 5.6 percent. I began to reassess my future. Still not ready to abandon the game I love I chose to play on a summer showcase team hoping that I might attain a scholarship. I was playing at my best until the day I heard a pop in my shoulder. Despite a multitude of doctor visitations, the injury to my shoulder persists and any cure remains elusive leaving me at my rock bottom. My frailty and naivety were fully exposed. I wouldn’t be drafted nor would athletic scholarships be flooding my doorstep. I decided to take a different route to achieve success and focused intently on my education and building the best life I could through academics. This change in my focus enabled my academic potential to shine and provide a more rewarding prospect in life. I love the game of baseball and still play today. I forgive my parents for not passing down 6†3† genes to me and appreciate that they taught me that the best way to handle adversity is to identify opportunities to turn a negative into a positive. My academic performance allowed me to meet the criteria for multiple scholarship programs. It turns out my ticket to college was my intellect and contributions to my community and not a ball! The Game of Life free essay sample An analysis of Charles Bowdens style of writing in the short story Blue. Through an examination of the actual immigrants crossing border, Charles Bowden uses the short story Blue to minimize the life and death struggle of crossing the desert by portraying it as a game. Bowden uses the game mentality to hide the narrator?s fears of dying while out in the desert. From the paper: The Mexican population is ?stereotyped as being lazy, shiftless, passive siesta seekers, people who patronized manana? (Metz 395). But how could a lazy person hike treacherous terrain while only surviving off one gallon of water? This stereotype is not holding true to the thousands of Mexicans that try to cross the US/Mexico border every year. The hardship of crossing the desert is for a reason: money. The poverty that exists in Mexico is one of the main reasons that drive Mexicans to leave their family in search for a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Game of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people leave their job because of the small wages and lack of representation to fight off the hardships they must face.

Apology- Plato essays

Apology- Plato essays Socrates is a doer of evil and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the state. He has other new divinities of his own.(Apology 41) In The Apology, by Plato, these are the accusations brought against Socrates during his trial. Socrates claims that he did not consciously corrupt the youth of Athens, and he gives many reasons why he is not at fault for their actions. In Socrates defense to the jury, he claims that by looking at the facts, the jury will see that Meletus is accusing him of something that is not his fault. Socrates states that he is not responsible for the corruption of the youth, because he was not aware that he was leading them astray. Meletus and Socrates do not have the same definition of corruption. Meletus claims that what Socrates is doing is wrong. Meletus views the corruption of the youth as Socrates telling the children to believe in certain gods contrary to what gods the public believes in. Socrates says that he is not corrupting the youth, because that would mean he was harming them and he knows that he is not. Socrates defense is well-thought out and logical. Socrates asks Meletus a question, Meletus answers and then Socrates moves on to the next question to support his claim that he is not a villainous misleader of youth (Apology 41). Socrates thinks that simply presenting a point to the jury, without convincing them is enough. Socrates tries proving his case to the jury by questioning Meletus about his beliefs. This passage is essential in his defense to the jury. Socrates asks Meletus, Then every Athenian improves and elevates them, all with the exception of myself. I alone am their corrupter? Is that what you say? Meletus answers by saying, Most definitely (Apology 42). In this instance, Socrates had made a mockery of Meletus by having him state to the jury that Socrates, alone, is the corrupter of yout...

German to Englilsh Cooking Glossary - Kochglossar

German to Englilsh Cooking Glossary - Kochglossar Whats more authentic than learning to cool a German Chocolate Cake using a recipe written in German? Cooks and bakers can use this German-English glossary that focuses on terms found in recipes and food preparation. It includes terms for instructions and measures as well as ingredients. If you are exploring a German recipe, you should keep this handy to interpret ingredients and measures into English. Kochglossar (Cooking Glossary) Key: Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) adj. adjective, v. verb A abkà ¼hlen v. cool off, cool down abseihen v. strain, sieve (Aus., S. Ger.) s Auftragen serving (up) vor dem Auftragen before serving aufkochen v. bring to a boil aufschlagen v. beat, whip (aus)quellen lassen v. let expand, rise ausrollen v. roll out (dough) ausstechen v. cut/press out (with a cookie cutter) B s Backfett / Pflanzenfett shortening e Backform baking dish, tin r Backofen (baking) oven im vorgeheizten Backofen in a preheated oven s Backpulver baking powder, baking soda (s Natron) s Backrohr oven bei 180 Grad at 180 degrees (Celsius, 356 degrees  Fahrenheit) bestreuen v. sprinkle (on) Bltter slices (nuts, etc.; Mandelbltter sliced almonds) s Blech/Backblech baking tray, pan r Brà ¶sel / r Semmelbrà ¶sel breading, crumbs C r Champignon mushroom (for cooking) s Chinin quinine e Creme cream, mousse, sauce e Cremetorte cream cake cremig creamy etw cremig rà ¼hren / schlagen to stir/beat until creamy D s Dekagramm decagram, 10 grams (Austria) direkt gepresst (Orangensaft)  fresh-squeezed (orange juice) direkt gepresster Orangensaft  fresh-squeezed orange juice r Direktsaft  fresh-squeezed (orange) juice E s Eigelb egg yolk drei Eigelb the yolks of three eggs s Eiklar egg white s Eiweiß egg white drei Eiweiß / Eiklar the whites of three eggs EL tablespoon (see below) r Esslà ¶ffel (EL) tablespoon gestrichener Esslà ¶ffel level tablespoon gehufter Esslà ¶ffel heaped/heaping tablespoon r Estragon tarragon F e Flà ¼ÃƒÅ¸igkeit liquid, fluid e Fritteuse deep fryer frittieren to deep fry e Frittà ¼re deep fryer G s Gefß vessel, bowl, container gemahlen adj ground (up) - mahlen to grind gerieben adj. grated abgeriebene Schale einer Zitrone grated lemon peel geriebener Kse grated cheese geschlt adj. peeled gestrichen level(ed) gestrichener Esslà ¶ffel level tablespoon s Gewà ¼rz (-e) seasoning(s), spice(s) Estragon tarragon Knoblauch garlic Kà ¼mmel caraway Lorbeerblatt bay leaf Schnittlauch chives e Gewà ¼rznelke(n)/Nelke(n) clove(s) e Glasur glazing, icing r Grad degree(s) s Gramm gram 250 Gramm Mehl 250 grams of flour r Guss (Zuckerguss) (sugar) glazing, icing H e Hlfte half (of) heiß hot r Herd range, stove (cooking) Elektroherd electric stove Gasherd gas stove I r Ingwer ginger (spice) K kalt cold r Kardamom cardamom, cardamon (a type of ginger spice) kneten v. knead (dough) kochen v. boil, cook s Kochbuch cook book r Kochlà ¶ffel wooden spoon r Koriander coriander, cilantro, Chinese parsley (seasoning) e Kuvertà ¼re (chocolate) covering, icing L s Lachsmesser (smoked) salmon knife e Lachsmousse salmon mousse lieblich moderately sweet (wine) r Là ¶ffel spoon r Lorbeer bay leaf (seasoning)   M die Mandel (Mandeln) almond(s) Mandelbltter sliced almonds mahlen v. grind fein / grob mahlen grind finely / coarsely gemahlen (adj) ground e Masse mixture s Mehl flour e Messerspitze (Msp.) knife tip, a pinch of... Msp. knife tip, a pinch of... r Muskat nutmeg N s Natron baking soda, bicarbonate of soda e Nelke(n) / Gewà ¼rznelke(n) clove(s) O e Oblate (-n) wafer s Ãâ€"l (-e) oil (s Olivenà ¶l olive oil) s Orangeat (-e) candied orange peel P Palmin Softâ„ ¢ (brand name) a Crisco-like shortening e Panade coating of breadcrumbs (for frying) panieren to bread (for frying) paniert breaded s Paniermehl breading, bread crumbs s Pektin pectin s Pflanzenfett / Backfett shortening s Pfund pound (metric: 500 g, 1.1 U.S. pounds) zwei Pfund Kartoffeln two pounds (1kg) of potatoes e Prise dash (approx. 1 gram) eine Prise Salz a dash of salt r Puderzucker powdered sugar R rà ¼hren v. stir, mix s Rà ¼hrgert mixer, mixing machine S r Saft juice e Schale peel (orange, lemon) r Schnee meringue (e Meringe) r Schneebesen whisk verquirlen v. to whisk, beat seihen v. to strain, sieve (Austria, S. Ger.) r Seiher sieve, strainer, colander (Austria, S. Ger.) Semmelbrà ¶sel (pl.) breading, crumbs (Austria, S. Ger.) s Sieb sieve, sifter, strainer, colander durch ein Sieb streichen strain, sift, press through a sieve sieben to sift, strain e Speisestrke cornstarch, cornflour, thickening agent s Strkemehl cornstarch, cornflour r Strkezucker glucose streichen v. press, rub; spread (butter, etc.) T r Teelà ¶ffel teaspoon gestrichener Teelà ¶ffel level teaspoon gehufter Teelà ¶ffel heaped/heaping teaspoon r Teig dough, mixture der Germteig yeast dough (Austria) der Hefeteig yeast dough den Teig gehen lassen let the dough rise e Terrine terrine, soup tureen TL teaspoon (see above) U à ¼berbacken au gratin (baked over) unbehandelt natural, organic eine unbehandelte Limette a natural lime (untreated with pesticides, etc.) unterheben to fold in (ingredients) unter Zugabe von... while adding... V e Vanillestange vanilla pod r Vanillezucker vanilla-flavored sugar verfeinern v. refine verquirlen v. to whisk, beat until foamy vorgeheizt preheated im vorgeheizten Backofen in a preheated oven W s Wasserbad double boiler im Wasserbad in a double boiler wiegen, abwiegen v. weigh wà ¼rzen v. season, add seasoning/spices Z ziehen v. steep, simmer, marinade s Ziehfett/Pflanzenfett shortening (Crisco Palmin Soft) r Zimt cinnamon e Zitrone (-n) lemon(s) s Zitronat (-e) candied lemon peel, citron e Zubereitung preparation (directions) zusetzen v. add (to) e Zutat (Zutaten) ingredient(s)

A systematic stakeholder management approach in aviation construction Dissertation

A systematic stakeholder management approach in aviation construction projects - Dissertation Example mportance of Stakeholders 5.3.1 Research Question and Hypothesis 1 5.4 Impact of Project Stakeholders 5.4.1 Research Question and Hypothesis 2 5.5 Project Stakeholder Management 5.5.1 Research Question and Hypothesis 3 5.6 Summary Chapter 6: Conclusion, Recommendation, Limitations and further studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Conclusion 6.3 Recommendation 6.4 Further studies Reference Appendix Appendix A : Questionnaire ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. XYZ, for all his ideas, discussions and support throughout the research that inspired me to complete my work. His dynamism, innovation and enthusiasm kept my struggles effective and in right direction. I would also express my gratitude to staff and members of Heriot-watt University for their guidance, assistance and support that helped in making this research work valuable. I am also thankful to all those who have contributed to completion and success of this research project. I am thankful to all the respondents, wh o have participated and offered their honest and candid opinions in the research surveys and interviews, and without their support and valuable inputs this research would not have completed. I would specially thank my academic colleagues and friends in Heriot-watt University whose valuable support through frequent discussions created conducive working environment to pursue research goals. Finally, I would express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends for their support which was a source of great strength for me during the research. Family gatherings, arranged during my stressed and work loaded time, helped me to enjoy outside the frame of my research. The love and support that my spouse expressed during the research is invaluable. He/she patiently listened to my monologues and... The research concluded that the most significant stakeholders with whom higher risks were associated were suppliers, clients and end users of the project. Due to their diverse and varying roles during the entire phases of the project and the tremendous risks associated with their demands and expectations, these stakeholders must be managed from very initial stages of the project. Another barrier to effective stakeholder management was lack of realization that as the project lifecycle progresses the changes have exponential negative impact on project outcomes. These changes towards the mid and end of the project cause significant increase in cost and delay the project timeline due to discoveries of stakeholder demands that should have been addressed in the initiation and planning stages of the project. The research revealed that planning, evaluation, closing and effective employment of tools and techniques for stakeholder management were the areas that needed improvement. This researc h is aimed to investigate the management of stakeholders in construction project in global aviation industry. The aim of this research is to †¢ Identify those stakeholders that are more crucial to the project management and devise a more proactive and focused approach in managing relationships with them. †¢ Determine which stakeholders influence project successful completion and thus developing a more systematic and concentrated risk management approach. †¢ Identify areas that require more concentration to improve project stakeholder management.

Critical review the opportunities and constraints of ecotourism Thesis

Critical review the opportunities and constraints of ecotourism development in Hong Kong - Thesis Example Despite the diversified resources for ecotourism development in Hong Kong, the ecotourism industry has not germinated to become a prosperous industry. The government has already started to provide funding for the development of ecotourism in 2001 (Yeung et al., 2004). However, the ecotourism industry could not make any progress. Could it be attributed to the fact that our resources are not good enough to attract tourists? If not, what went wrong? In this context, the present chapter seeks to find the way ecotourism can capitalize the potentialities of the environmental resources including human beings for the development and growth of the economy. The researcher attempts to review the resources available in the country in detail with projection of opportunities for further development in the sector and thereby economic development. The chapter contains factual information on resources in the country supported by researcher’s assessment of how these resources are turned into means of ecotourism development. An attempt is also made by the researcher to analyze the impact of ecotourism on country’s resources. It is desirable that the study of the identification of resources for ecotourism development must precede the exploration of whether the country is really having the potentialities to make use of the resources. As understood by everyone, ecotourism is not supposed to endanger the environment and cultural heritage of a country. It must seek to find ways to enjoy the natural beauty of the country and should in no way affect the culture and lives of the local populace. One of the significant study by Cater remarked that during the 1980s, annual tourist arrivals in certain ‘ecotourism destinations’ are more than doubled and tourist receipts grew tenfold (Cater, 1994). In the early 1990s, one of the official reports of World Tourism Organization (WTO) predicted that there

A quote about the personal and professional significance of the Essay

A quote about the personal and professional significance of the leadership program - Essay Example The role of quality leadership program cannot be overstated. As such we must acknowledge that overall performance of an institution greatly depends on the level of leadership program that an individual has gone through. Putting ourselves on the accounts of leadership institutions such as Harvard business school or the graduate school of the United States, there is propounded evidence that a simple 18 months leadership program is substantial to strengthen both individual and organizational performances. Such types of leadership programs provide a broad range of skills essential to both the executive and managerial in execution of long roles that are beneficial for future economic development (Gove and Laws Para 2-10). My challenge to institutions offering the 18 months leadership program is that, managements should willingly enrich such programs by improving the number of graduates that benefit from the training programs. Besides, the curriculum should be enriched to improve on its relative impacts. Every institutional leader must, therefore, remain committed to improving their institutions by creating evidence about the relative importance of leadership program and showing outstanding leadership qualities through self-demonstrations (Gove and Laws Para

The NHS Role in Tackling Health Inequalities

The NHS Role in Tackling Health Inequalities At the turn of the 21st century, social health inequalities remain to be the key public health problems in advanced European countries. There is strong variation in life expectancy between and within the countries, which has accumulated over the past 3 or 4 decades (Fox, 1989; Drever Whitehead, 1997; Kunst, 1997; Marmot Wilkinson, 1999; Elstad, 2000; Mackenbach Bakker, 2002). NHS targeted health inequalities with infant mortality and life expectancy at the core to reduce them by 10 % by the end of 2010. These two health inequalities were announced in February 2001, with the other complementary targets, the areas of smoking and teenage pregnancy. These targets were set to reduce the broad spectrum of inequalities covering the general strategy to address all of the major health inequalities including gender, race, age, etc. (DH, 2001). The secretary of state, nationally announced a comprehensive strategy to reduce health inequalities, challenging the NHS as a key player to live up to its founding and enduring values of universality and fairness to shut the unjustified gaps between individuals with any background, fair NHS services with high quality and good outcomes to everyone (Darzi L., 2007). The independent scientific review of the national health inequalities was published in 1998. This report suggested policy developments to tackle health inequalities. This report showed the increasing gap between the different social groups. This resulted in the consideration of these increasing gaps needed action upstream as well as downstream (Acheson Inquiry, 1998). As the NHS and Department of Health continuously poured efforts to reduce the health inequalities. The overall performance can be defined as much achieved more to do (DH, 2009). This review will analyze the role of NHS in tackling health inequalities, as targets were set to reduce infant mortality and to increase the life expectancy in men and women across UK, faster than elsewhere in world. 2.0 Aims: To understand health inequalities To briefly review of the Acheson Inquiry recommendations To study the role of the NHS as a key player in tackling health inequalities in UK. 3.0 Material Methods: Study will review reports and documents published by the Department of Health and the NHS. Review of literature will be done from the data available on the websites of the Department of Health, the NHS and other government websites. Discussion of role of NHS as key player in tackling health inequalities in UK and a comment on the target achieved over a decade. 4.0 Review of Literature: In 1980, the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Security published a report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health, also known as Black Report. This report showed great extent of of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than diminishing since the establishment of the NHS in 1948(Gray AM. 1982). The Black report identified four types of explanations of health inequalities: artefact, selection, cultural or behavioural, and materialist (Blane D., 1985). Since then there were many studies contributed to broader understanding of the health inequalities (Smith et al 1990). After 1997 NHS had made clear progress, as in 1997 NHS was in relatively poor health, due to this low investment hampered proper planning. In regards with different health inequalities NHS was not simply big enough or capable enough to meet the expectations of the patients (Darzi L., 2007). The steepest inequalities health is observed at two stages of the life course: early childhood and midlife. Less inequality is observed in adolescence and in older age (Kuh Ben Shlomo, 1997). Actual health inequalities were considered and taken note by the scientific independent inquiry called as Acheson Report in November 1998, which reviewed the evidence of health inequalities in UK. Acheson report suggested that, there is convincing evidence that, provided an appropriate agenda of policies can be defined and given priority, many of these inequalities are remediable (Acheson Inquiry, 1998). The Acheson report is supposed to be the cornerstone for the policy development over the last 11 years informing action on the national target and the cross-government strategy, the programme of action. The report focused on socio-economic inequalities which showed the increasing gap between different social groups. It suggested almost 39 recommendations (Appendix I). After considering the all the facts and recommendations, the NHS announced the two national health inequalities targets in February 2001, one relating to the infant mortality and the other to life expectancy. These targets were considered to reflect the efforts taken to reduce the broad spectrum of inequalities at national level across UK. These targets can be formulated under the specific terms socio-economic groups and geographical areas so that they can cover more general strategy to address all of the major health inequalities including gender, race, age as well as health in specific disadvantaged groups such as lone parents and the homeless (DH, 2001). Englands new health strategy, like this across the UK, represents a major advance in the vision and remit of public health policy. Protecting and improving aggregate levels of health no longer provide a sufficient justification for investment in public health; this investment must also yield a more equal distribution of health between socioeconomic groups. As a result, public health goals which were previously expressed only in terms of population averages now include a concern with how health is distributed across society. It is a concern summed up in the goal of tackling health inequality (Hilary G., 2004). 5.0 Understanding Health Inequalities: Inequalities are a matter of life and death, of health and sickness, of well-being and misery. The fact that in UK today people in different social circumstances experience avoidable differences in health, well-being and length of life is, quite simply, unfair. Inequalities in health arise because of inequalities in society in the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. So close is the link between particular social and economic features of society and the distribution of health among the population, that the magnitude of health inequalities is a good marker of progress towards creating a fairer society (Marmot, 2010). The documents on plans, actions and performance standards are designed to spell out what it means to tackle socioeconomic inequalities in health. Their descriptions suggest that it has a variety of meanings. At some points, tackling health inequalities is described as a commitment to break the link between poverty and ill health and to improve the health of the worst off (Milburn, 2001 as Cited in Hilary G., 2004). Health inequalities can be stated as the disparity in health status between rich and poor and the health gap between the worst off in society and the better off (Wanless D., 2001). At other points, health inequality is a concept which covers the whole population. Health inequality exists between social classes and right across the spectrum of advantage and disadvantage (Hilary G., 2004). 6.0 Review of Acheson Report: The Acheson report was published in 1998 from then it has been considered as the corner stone for tackling health inequalities. This independent scientific review considered the developments over the 20 years and identified some possible policy developments to address health inequalities. The report showed the data with increasing gap between social groups, in early 1970s, the mortality rate among the men of the working age was almost twice as high as for those working in social class V (unskilled) as for those in social class I (professional). By the earlier 1990s, it was almost three times higher. This resulted in the consideration of this increasing gap needed action upstream as well as downstream in other words from outside the NHS, as well as within it. The report also addressed that social determinants affect peoples health across their lives; the early years are a particularly important stage of life, where poor socio-economic circumstances have long lasting effects. Consequently, it gave priority to policies and interventions with the potential to reduce inequalities in access to the determinants of good health among parents, particularly present and future mothers, and children. It suggested almost 39 recommendations (Appendix I) which focus around the 4 major themes: The social determinants of health, such as poverty and income, education, employment, environment and housing The life course, including lifestyle factors such as smoking, nutrition and alcohol consumption Other dimensions of health inequalities beyond socio-economic status namely ethnicity, gender and age Measures to improve the effectiveness of the NHSs systems of care, not least in terms of resources and access to services. The report gave high priority to mothers, children and families. Tackling health inequalities is a complex and long-term challenge, requiring action across the layers which influence the health. The relationship between these layers is shown below in Fig. 1 (an updated version of the Dahlgren and Whitehead diagram that appeared in the Acheson report). Fig. 1 The main determinants of health: Source: Barton and Grant (2006) adaptation of Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) from UN Economic Commission for Europe (2007) Resource Manual to Support Application of the Protocol on Strategic Environment Assessment. 7.0 National Health Inequalities Strategy, Programme for Action: The national health inequalities target was set in 2001 the aim was to reduce the health outcomes in infant and the overall increase in life expectancy by 2010. The national health inequalities strategy programme for action was built on the board front set out in Acheson, which focused on the importance of the working across government and in partnership both with other service providers and with the local communities (DH, 2003). Four themes of the programme for action: supporting families, mothers and children reflecting the high priority given to them in the Acheson report engaging communities and individuals strengthening capacity to tackle local problems and pools of deprivation, alongside national programmes to address the needs of local communities and socially excluded groups preventing illness and providing effective treatment and care by means of tobacco policies, improvements in primary care and tackling the big killers coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer addressing the underlying social determinants of health emphasising the need for concerted action across government at national and local levels up to and beyond the 2010 target date. Annual status report has to be published throughout the lifetime of strategy, these developments were monitored against the NHS to the wider determinants of health (reflecting Achesons proposal for action on broad front), and 82 departmental commitments (DH, 2003) These Annual status reports showed the improvement in health in real terms across all social groups, against a range of indicators including life expectancy, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer, and reported on developments against the cross-departmental commitments (DH, 2010). 8.0 Role of the NHS in tackling health inequalities: As NHS is the key player in tackling health inequalities target set in 2001- By 2010 to reduce the inequalities in health outcomes by 10% as measured by the infant mortality and life expectancy at birth. 8.1 Life expectancy- The life expectancy gap between the areas with lowest life expectancy and the national average is caused principally by premature deaths from cancer, circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases with smaller effects from suicide and violence in men. The over 50s contribute 79% of the gap in women and 70% of the gap in men. It follows that the priorities for NHS action which will have the greatest impact on narrowing the gap are: addressing cancer and circulatory diseases within manual social groups because these major killers exhibit strong social class gradients. Improving the life expectancy of the over 50s high quality care in disadvantaged areas, especially primary care. Key areas of interventions to narrow the gap in life expectancy are: reducing smoking, prevention and effective management of other risk factors in primary care, targeting over-50s, and working pro-actively with partners on issues affecting life expectancy. 8.2 Infant mortality- Deaths under one year of age total about 3,000 per year. The two major causes of neonatal deaths are immaturity related conditions and congenital malformations and both show a strong social class gradient. The social class gradient is greater for post-neonatal deaths. Just under 50% of all post-neonatal deaths are accounted for by two causes: signs, symptoms and ill-defined conditions (predominantly SIDS) and congenital anomalies. The underlying determinants of mortality and ill-health in infants include: low birth weight maternal smoking (smoking during pregnancy) paternal smoking maternal anthropometry/nutritional status failure to breast feed quality and quantity of health care maternal age the physical environment (housing condition) the family and social environment Key areas for interventions to narrow the gap in infant mortality are: reducing smoking in pregnancy, improving nutrition in women, reducing teenage pregnancy, increasing breast-feeding, effective ante-natal care, improving the quality of midwifery, obstetric and neonatal services and high quality family support. The NHS set to improve the action to address health inequalities (Appendix II): Raise the profile of health inequalities and focusing on results Making it clear it is not good enough to achieve top line targets at the expense of widening inequalities Make health inequalities an integral part of planning, commissioning and delivery Promote Health Equity Audit, Local Delivery Plan and its impact on the health inequalities. Partnership working and influencing partners to tackle the wider determinants of health and health inequalities Progress must be measured Use of the Health Care Standards and their underpinning criteria. The WHO guiding principle, that the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, was reiterated in the 1998 World Health Declaration (Hilary G., 2004). The report on health profile of England 2009 states there are improvements in number of critical areas eg. Decrease in mortality rates, increase in life expectancy and further reduction in infant and perinatal mortality (DH, 2010). These achievements can be defined as much achieved more to do'(DH, 2009). Now the NHS is focusing to be the World Class NHS whom services will be (Darzi L., 2007)- Fair Personalized Effective Safe Over recent years health inequalities have increasingly featured as an NHS priority. This has been evident in their incorporation into other Public Service Agreement health targets, and the findings of the Wanless report noted the association between lower socio-economic status and poor health outcomes, and the cost consequences for the NHS (Wanless D., 2004). The contribution of the NHS to the 2010 target was recognized in the Treasury-led cross cutting review (DH, 2002). This review considered the implications of the Acheson report for departments across government and the NHS. It identified NHS interventions as more likely than other interventions to help deliver the short-term target through reducing smoking in manual groups and preventing and managing other risk factors for coronary heart disease and cancer, but it recognised that the social determinants were crucial for a long-term sustainable reduction in health inequalities. 9.0 Discussion: The Black Report concluded that inequalities in early 1980s were not mainly attributable to failings in the NHS, but rather to many other social inequalities influencing health: income, education, housing, diet, employment, and conditions of work. Then Black Report recommended a wide strategy of social policy measures to combat inequalities in health. After 10 years of Black report the social class differences in mortality were still increasing, after this there were many studies undertaken addressing inequalities in health'(Smith et al 1990). Then Acheson report was published in 1998 an independent scientific review of the inequalities in health, and in 2001 the national targets for tackling inequalities in health were set in which Department of Health and NHS played a key role the success can be stated as the much achieved more to do (DH, 2009). The Marmot review recommends action on health inequalities requires action across all the social determinants of health and needs to invol ve all central and local government departments as well as the third and private sectors. Action taken by the Department of Health and the NHS alone will not reduce health inequalities (Marmot, 2010). 10.0 Conclusion: The above study shows the NHS had played a key role in tackling health inequalities along with the Department of Health over the past decade. This resulted in the highest life expectancy ever in UK and gradual decrease in the infant mortality. Overall development in past decade is shown in Appendix III, which shows factors such as employment, housing conditions, educational achievement, crime and child poverty without which the overall improvement in the health inequalities is not possible. The role of NHS in tackling health inequalities have also improved the overall performance of the NHS itself in and made the NHS a World Class NHS visioning fair, personalized, effective and safe services ahead.

Physics of Paintball :: physics paintball gun

Fuel For A Paintball Marker The Reason that people need a tank when they play paintball is because you need a way to force the paintballs out of the gun and this cannot be achieved effectively by just using a spring. What they decided to do was to fuel the paintballs by pushing them with a gas. The way in which they did this was to put the gases, either Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen under extreme pressure until they turned into a liquid and once they are in a liquid form they can be blown into a tank which probably looks something like this. Carbon Dioxide must be under a pressure of at least 415.8 kPaA For it to turn into liquid form. Oxygen and Nitrogen are very similar to this. The way in which the gas is let out is that there is a needle in a valve in the top of the tank and when the tank is screwed into the paintball marker the needle gets pressed down and the entire system becomes pressurized and is ready to be fired. Then when the gun is cocked and the trigger is pulled the bolt is pushed forward, accelerated by the force of the C02 acting behind it and pushes the paintball out. Then the bolt comes back into the read position and the C02 is no longer flowing and is again pushing against the bolt. There are some problems with this system however. One of the major ones is called snowing, where liquid C02 actually gets into the paintball marker, this is not good for multiple reasons, first of all having the liquid C02 on the moving parts inside a marker is not good for it, since many of the parts inside are rubber or plastic. The second problem with this is since the gas is in liquid form it is not expanding as fast and there for is not pushing the paintballs as effectively. This causes a white snow like substance to come out of the barrel of the marker. There are several way that this problem is dealt with, some markers have the guns stored in a vertical position to keep the liquid in the bottom of the tanks. Other markers employ gas lines or expansion chambers, these are basically just tubes or cylinders that run from the tank to the marker and give the C02 a chance to turn from a liquid to a gas.

Crime Fiction Essay

Although the crime-writing genre consists of a wide array of subgenres and hybrids, these texts all focus on a criminal investigation using this as a platform/vehicle to explore and comment on the values and the social context in which it was composed. In doing so, crime fiction texts do not just tell a crime story; they make insightful social comments to inform responders. This is evident in P. D.  James’ â€Å"The Skull Beneath The Skin† (Skull) which not only follows an investigation but also comments on the justice and the emerging role of women in 1980’s Britain while Alfred Hitchcock’s 1954 film â€Å"Rear Window† (RW) is a hybrid of the crime and romance genres, exploring not only American crime and punishment but also urbanisation and gender roles. Marele Day’s 1998 novel â€Å"The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender† (Lavender) describes an investigation while also exploring its associated issues of justice and gender roles while Matt Groening’s 1995 Simpsons Episode â€Å"Who Shot Mr Burns? (Burns) parodies the classic crime conventions, focusing on the ethics of capitalism and the modern justice system. James’ 1982 novel Skull not only engages with the investigation of the murder of Clarissa Lisle, but also comments on gender roles and justice, appealing to its audience. In this text, Cordelia Gray reflects the increasing role of women in the workforce of the time, by being actively involved in the solving of a mystery. However Cordelia did not succeed in her task, which was to protect Clarissa Lisle, and even failed to prevent several deaths, including that of Simon’s. This shows that James believes Gray is incapable of dealing with such tasks, and by an extension, that detecting is â€Å"an unsuitable job for a woman. † James is warning her audience that despite the emerging role of women, they are still limited in terms of what they are capable of. Additionally, the other main females in the novel are no better. Clarissa is an egocentric, superficial femme fatale while Roma owns an unsuccessful bookshop and is in urgent need of money in order to keep her lover Colin, who is already married. Despite this, the males are also characterized equally as flawed as the females. Sir George is a dull, conservative Englishman who is a member of a right-wing, virtually fascist organisation, Simon is a fragile, insecure and socially inept teen, Ivo is a dying, bitter ex-lover of Clarissa’s while Ambrose is an insolent recluse. By providing no ideal character, James has reflected the more equalized gender roles of the 1980’s. Furthermore, James does not conclude with the conventional ‘happy ending’ where justice is served and order is restored. She instead conveys a much more credible depiction of society, reflecting a 1980’s context. Although Simon is the killer, Gray positions us to sympathise him, as he is a young, timid boy who was influenced by Gorringe to murder Clarissa. Simon dies, and is therefore punished for his crime, however the reader is positioned to dislike Gorringe as he is a manipulative and arrogant man. He is not punished, and therefore we believe that justice is not completely served as he has committed crimes as well by interfering with evidence and tax evasion. Unlike cosy school traditions, Gorringe is not legally punished due to social issues such as class and economical hierarchy. As a minor rich aristocrat, Ambrose is safe within his social position, wealth and intelligence. In reality, it is possible for the police to know ‘whodunnit’ but not be able to bring anyone to court because they do not have the evidence, highlighting the problem with law and justice in modern society. Thus Skull not only explores the process of investigating a crime but also comments on social and moral issues of gender roles and the justice system. Similarly, Lavender does not only describe the solving of Mark Bannister’s murder, but also insightfully explores gender roles and justice. Claudia Valentine is a hardened private investigator who challenges the conventions of a stereotypical hard-boiled detective. The opening segment of the novel subverts the convention of the hard-boiled subgenre as most readers would assume the protagonist is a male: â€Å"I woke up feeling like death. The blonde slept on. Thank god the black suit was hanging in the wardrobe. † Also, Claudia relies on her quick repartee and intelligence rather than her looks and does not expect any concessions due to her gender: â€Å"The crims don’t discriminate; they’ll blow away a woman on their trail just as readily as a man. Valentine does not carry a gun, a traditionally male object which can also be interpreted as a phallic symbol, but instead relies on her karate skills. Furthermore, Steve Angell, her romantic interest, plays the traditional female part of nurturing and being supportive, another socially challenging inversion. He does not interfere with her job; offers help when needed, and even cooks – showing that gender roles are now more equalized than they were in the past. Furthermore, Day comments on justice and the corruption in society as a result of the constantly increasing number of crimes. The setting creates a dark atmosphere of the seedy underbelly of the city, as Sydney is depicted as full of corruption and violence: â€Å"There is more hidden from view, the labyrinth underbelly, the city of the night. † The setting further reflects the issue of appearance and reality: â€Å"So pretty and so innocent, the facade of lights covered a multitude of sins and one of those sins was murder,† emphasising that evil insinuates itself into the city. Also, the plot focuses on Claudia’s hunt for the manuscript that would expose Harry Lavender and his crimes. She finds the text but Lavender falls into a coma, escaping exposure and justice. This subverts the conventional ‘happy’ ending and conveys a more cynical modern awareness that life is not necessarily ‘just’ or ‘fair. ’ Thus, Lavender provides insight into crime and its effect on society as well as gender roles in the modern society. RW also does not only follow an investigation of the murder of Mrs.  Thorwald, but also provides insight into gender roles and American suburban life in the 1950’s. The film reinforces the patriarchal society of its context as Stella and Lisa assume the role of assistants to Jeff, who is the observant, rational, amateur â€Å"detective,† directing and organising the solving of the crime. His observational skills confirm Thorwald as the killer whereas Lisa breaks into Thorwald’s house, only to please Jeff, and is subsequently caught. She further compromises herself, revealed in her change of costuming. At the outset, she is dressed in a richly decorated dress however by the end, she wears something more casual and practical to conform to what Jeff wants in a woman – someone â€Å"ordinary. † In the last scene she is seen reading â€Å"Beyond the High Himalayas,† an obvious passion of Jeff’s, but takes out â€Å"Bazaar† magazine when Jeff is asleep, echoing the 1950’s attitude that it is the woman who must compromise herself for the sake of her relationship with her partner. RW also explores the underbelly of suburban communities as there is no sense of a homely neighbourhood, highlighting the consequences of urbanization. The paucity of communication between the neighbours is revealed through Jeff who only interacts with his neighbours secretly and from a distance – seen when he raises his glass to Miss Lonely-Hearts. Also, the sculptress reacts in surprise when someone says ‘hi’ to her. The film further comments on the morality of voyeurism and the importance of privacy, encapsulated by Jeff’s statement: â€Å"Do you suppose it’s ethical to watch a man with binoculars, and a long focus lense†¦is it ethical even if you prove he didn’t commit a crime? When Thorwald confronts Jeff, a sense of desperation is exposed, position the viewer to sympathise him while the lack of response from Jeff suggests that perhaps he is the more heartless character, challenging the audience to question whether who really is in the wrong. Thus, this film explores the issue of voyeurism as a crime while also acting as a social commentary of 1950’s America, dealing with re lationships within the community in an urban setting and social gender roles as well as following the unraveling of a crime. Similarly, Groening’s Burns not only follows the investigation of an attempted murder of Mr. Burns, but further explores the ethics of capitalism and the flaws of the justice system. The authority of the police is constantly undermined in this text, exposing the lack of respect for the law and integrity in our justice system today. This is established in the crosscut from Eddie to Lou (policemen) who are interrogating witnesses to the shooting of Mr Burns. They appear very professional until it zooms out to reveal that the witnesses are only Maggie (baby) and Santa’s Little Helper (dog). This use of humour is very anticlimactic and highlights the inadequacy of the police force. The DNA test scene shows the scientist can be easily bribed to obtain the DNA results quicker, commenting that those with money and authority in society will benefit, and that society is very materialistic. Here, Groening presents a more modern cynical view on modern capitalist societies, in that authorities are limited and sometimes unreliable. Not only is this aspect of crime a great concern of the text, but another value explored is the evil nature of capitalism. The characterization of Burns, who is arrogant and mercenary, positions the viewer to believe that he deserved to be shot at. This is emphasised by the ominous music and extreme, awkward close-up shot of his stern, bitter face when introducing him. This text also comments on the power of big corporations and their lack of ethics, as they are mainly concerned with profit. Burns, who steals oil from the elementary school, is described as a â€Å"black-hearted scoundrel† and â€Å"selfish and arrogant† by various members of the community. The accumulation of Burns’ wrongdoings are revealed in a montage of stills from Smithers’ point-of-view looking through his binoculars at all the groups and people Burns has harmed because of his nuclear plant. Smithers acts as a foil to Burns, yelling to him, â€Å"You must be very proud!†¦ You have no moral conscience whatsoever! † emphasising Burns’ evil character. In a way, Burns’ ability to avoid death represents the lack of ‘real’ justice as the ‘big’ crime of his heartless, careless character is not punished. Thus, Burns’ main concerns are not only successful solving of a crime, but also the corruption of the justice system and the moral issue of capitalism. Therefore, despite which era and medium a crime text was composed in, they all follow the investigation of a crime while insightfully exploring associated social and moral issues including gender roles and voyeurism. In doing so, crime texts comment on the society in which it was composed and in turn, convey a valuable message about crime and punishment and other social issues to its audience.

Critique Of School-to-work Programs

Critique Of School-to-work Programs Now we have to Work in School In her article "An Avenue to High Academic Standards,"  senior editor Lynn Olson of Education Week, a national newspaper which covers topics of kindergarten to 12th grade education, promotes efficient school-to-work programs which combine the learning found in high school and the learning from job internships because Olson feels such programs prepare high school students for college and their workplace. Olson's argument is appealing because her motive is to help high school students deal with a problem, their transition to college and the workplace. So should we agree with Olson that school-to-work programs be instituted in schools? No, because although Olson's intent to help high school students is honorable, whether supplementing academic curricula with workplace teachings through an internship will help a majority of students prepare for work is not conclusive. School-to-work programs should not be utilized in high schools because the experience a student has in a job internship during high school may differ from the experience the student will have in the workplace.English: Class in Samdach Euv High School, Siem Re...Lynn Olson explains that school-to-work programs integrate teaching academics and skills for the workplace through an internship to prepare students for college and careers. High school internships prepare students for college and careers by showing students that success in academic courses results in success in their current work programs and eventually their future careers. Once students realize the connection between academics and success in their internships and careers, students have been inclined to undertake more academic coursework in high school. After graduating high school, positive experiences with internships continue to motivate students to take on academic coursework by encouraging students to enroll in college because students want to have successful careers in the field they interned in. To ensu re students reach their next goal of a successful career...

che essays

che essays Che Guevara was born Ernesto Che Guevara de la Serna on June 14, 1928 in Rosario, Argentina. He lived in a fairly large middle class family. His father Ernesto Guevara Lynch and mother, Celia de la Serna, both had strong ties to the Argentinian ruling class even though they were extremely leftist and instilled their question authority attitude to all of their children including their eldest, Che. Ches father was a jack of all trades and went into business as a plantation owner, boat builder, and architect in the course of his life. His mother was extremely well read and exposed Che to such writers as Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud at a very young age. At the age of two Che developed severe asthma which was to plague him until death. It became so bad that it forced his whole family to move to Alta Gracia in hope that the dry climate will prevent some of the symptoms. Despite Ches ailments he was still very active thanks to his father. He became an accomplished swimmer, horse back rider, soccer player, rugby player, and golfer. And his immense intellect was present in his tactics while playing chess. In 1946, Che enrolled in the University of Buenos Aires for a degree in medicine. There he developed a strong sense of adventure and took time off from school to see the horrid conditions of the Latin American proletariat class. In 1950, Che jimmy-rigged a motor on his bicycle and set out on a 3,000 mile tour of Argentina with his friend Alberto Grenado. The next year Che got a job as a nurse on a cargo ship and sailed around Latin America. While visiting a Chilean copper mine he made friends with communist agitators and had his first taste of open rebellion during a strike protesting working conditions. These experiences of traveling with little or no money and taking jobs along the way opened his eyes to the lifestyles that the majority of the people ...

Death is not the truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Death is not the truth - Essay Example Tolstoy saw life as something that ought to be avoided, rather than sought or wished for. But a critical analysis of Tolstoy’s view on life shows that his view on life is flawed and untrue. Tolstoy’s view of life is false, first and foremost, on logical grounds. To lay bare the logical weaknesses of Tolstoy’s anti-life argument, it is necessary to first analyze his argument logically, and then point out its weaknesses. Tolstoy’s nihilistic attitude to life was informed by his experiences in life which made him to conclude that life is utterly meaningless. Tolstoy was brought up in a Christian Orthodoxy family and he was taught catechism, but later in life, he lost his faith and stopped going to church. Prior to developing this anti-life attitude, Tolstoy had attempted many things in life in an effort to become wealthy and famous. He had committed all sorts of evils to achieve this goal (Tolstoy, 18). Tolstoy, also, tried very hard to be perfect in whatever he did, so as to become a respected and a famous person. Eventually, Tolstoy’s efforts paid off and he achieved his objectives of becoming wealthy and famous; Tolstoy had stable family, his businesses were doing well, and he was a respected and a well known person. But despite these achievements, Tolstoy wasn’t a happy person; he became deeply distressed in life. At one point he contemplated committing suicide (Tolstoy, 29). Amidst this emotional torture, it dawned on Tolstoy that despite all his achievements in life, death was the inevitable eventuality awaiting him. Tolstoy realized that soon or later, he would die, decompose, and all his efforts and achievements in life would be all in vain. Tolstoy, therefore, conceived life as one big evil that ought to be avoided. He saw the whole of life as being useless since no matter how much we struggle to be successful, we will ultimately die and leave everything that we have worked for.Tolstoy’s argument of life as being meaningless can be logically expressed as follows: First premise, it is meaningless to live and eventually die Second Premise, in human life death is inevitable Conclusion, human life, is therefore, meaningless A critical and logical analysis of this argument shows that the argument is indeed valid, for the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, but the argument is, however, unsound. While the second premise is true, that death is an inevitable eventuality to all human beings, the first premise, however, is false because the meaning of life doesn’t lie in whether or not human life is mortal or immortal. A critical analysis of this proposition that, it is meaningless to live and die, shows that Tolstoy is wrong in this claim. The main reason that Tolstoy would use to counter my thesis and to support his claim that it is meaningless to live and eventually die, is that after death, we will not be able to enjoy the fruits of our labour and all our fame and our k nowledge/learning in life will become of no more use to us. So on this basis, Tolstoy concludes that life is meaningless. Tolstoy was influenced to make this conclusion by the fact that, even while we are alive, despite our outstanding achievements in life, life is full of misery and, therefore, there is no point of living in perpetual struggle and misery, and eventually we die. Tolstoy, therefo

STEP Analysis and Market Segmentations for a Motorola Company Essay

STEP Analysis and Market Segmentations for a Motorola Company - Essay Example It is stated that widely distributed sales and system integration teams of Motorola company collaborated by improvised phone, e-mail, and paper processes. Motorola consists of three businesses: Connected Home Solutions, Networks & Enterprise, and Mobile Devices. Connected Home Solutions provides a scalable, integrated end-to-end system for the delivery of broadband services that keeps consumers informed, entertained and connected. Mobile Devices designs, manufactures, sells and services wireless subscriber and server equipment for cellular systems, portable energy storage products and systems, servers and software solutions and related software and accessory products. Networks & Enterprise solutions include secure two-way radio, cellular and wireless broadband systems to meet the needs of public safety, government, private, and service provider and enterprise customer’s world-wide. The researcher then focuses on the analysis of Motorola’s RAZR phone, that is used in mul ti-national business, which is characteristic of a social and cultural worldview today. In relation to Motorola’s RAZR business goals to retain more consumers, it becomes important to look at the improvements and continuations of the company’s strategy. It is concluded then by the researcher of this essay that the Motorola RAZR has identified with innovation, being one of the highest selling products in mobile communications history, that maintain a connection with customer culture and time the release of new products.

Commercial Property Management in Australia Essay

Commercial Property Management in Australia - Essay Example Paper begins with a brief analysis of the specific subject with an effort to explicate the reason for the interaction observed between the Commercial Property Management and the law (as distinguished between common law and statutory law). The characteristics and the consequences of this interaction are also a subject of analysis to the introductory part of the paper. Furthermore, the paper presents the key principles which operate in the Commercial Property Management sector of Australia trying to emphasize on two particular aspects: the influence of common law and that of the statutory law. At a next level, the key Occupational Health and Safety Provisions applied in the Commercial Property Management Practice in Victoria (Australia) are presented and analyzed to the best possible level in order to present their similarities and their points of differentiation. It has to be noticed that among the numerous Acts applied in the specific area the following two have been chosen for analy sis: the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 and the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act Regulation 2001. A reference to the recent Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 is also being made in order to present the level of development of the legal rules regarding the specific sector. Finally, the role and the function of the Victorian Workcover Authority is presented and analyzed as of its contribution to the resolution of the problems appeared in the Commercial Property Management area. One of the most important sectors of modern economies around the world is property management particularly the one related with the commercial market. The specific field of activity seems to have common elements among the states of the international communities; there are however certain points and issues that tend to be

A Quality Leader Essay Example for Free

A Quality Leader Essay Dr. Karoru Ishikawa is one of the world’s idolized leaders in quality control. His famous quote† Through total quality control with the participation of all employees, including the president, any company can create better products (or service) at a lower cost, increase sales, improve profit and make the company into a better organization ( Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa) . Ishikawa joined the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers, a quality research group back in 1949. The Japanese was concerned about their industry sector since it was known that American manufacturing was producing cheap toys and defective cameras. This group took on the responsibility of Japan’s quality-improvement; that was when Ishikawa took the initiative to build on Feigenbaum’s concept of total quality and promoted greater involvement by all employees, from the top management to the front-line staff, by reducing reliance on quality professionals and quality departments. He advocated collecting and analyzing factual data using simple visual tools, statistical techniques, and teamwork as the foundations for implementing total quality. Like others, Ishikawa believed that quality begins with the customer and therefore, understanding customers’ needs is the basis for improvement, and that complaints should be actively sought. (Evans, 2010 pg 110) Background Kaoru Ishikawa was born in 1915 in Tokyo. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1939 with a degree in Applied Chemistry. In his brief tour in the military as a Naval Technical Officer In charge of 600 workers to construct a factory he quoted â€Å"This experience he says was invaluable to Quality Control activities later on. †, (Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa) He worked for Nissan Liquid Fuel Company from 1941-1947 before he was appointed associate Professor of the University of Tokyo. In 1949 He joined the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers because he wanted to change the way people thought about work and help management improve the quality of their product. In 1970 Dr. Ishikawa started conducting quality control training seminars. Around 1978 Dr. Ishikawa became the President of Musashi Institute of Technology. Upon Ishikawa’s 1989 death, Dr. Juran delivered this message: â€Å"There is so much to be learned by studying how Dr. Ishikawa managed to accomplish so much during a single lifetime. In my observation, he did so by applying his natural gifts in an exemplary way. He was dedicated to serving society rather than serving himself. His manner was modest, and this elicited the cooperation of others. † (Dr. Joseph M. Juran) Primary work and significant accomplishments Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa accomplishments have include helping thousands of companies, like IBM, Bridgestone, and Komatsu, to turn out higher quality products at considerable lower costs. His book,†What is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way†, Prentice Hall, Inc. was a best seller in business books. He has been awarded the Deming Prize and the Nihon Keizai Press Prize, the Industrial Standardization Prize for his writings on Quality Control, and the Grant Award in 1971 from the American Society for Quality Control for his education programmer on Quality Control. Process Improvement Japan, 2012). His creation of the fishbone diagram, the user can see all possible root causes of process imperfections. There are many other accomplishments that Dr. Ishikawa has made, which you can find in books and online. These were deserving awards due to his unselfish work ethics and have truly made him a quality genius. Conclusion Through total quality control a company of any type can stay in business, make products at lower cost, and endure great productivity from its workers. Dr Ishikawa wanted to change the way workers and management do business. Quality should start with the customer and it can be done using his writings, fishbone diagram, and other tools like control charts, run charts, histogram, scatter diagram, Pareto charts, and flowcharts. His knowledge was needed in a time when people wanted a product that will last and was supported by the company who makes it. His many accomplishments and strong work ethics influenced many companies to change and many of those companies are still in business today. Dr. Ishikawa is truly a leader in quality control.

Insight Meditation :: essays research papers

Buddhist meditation practices often emphasize mainly concentration, particularly on a certain person, place or thing. They teach the mind to focus on one point or object, which achieves strength of concentration. The results are peaceful states, and in some very rare cases are said to create supernormal powers. That is no wonder why many people steer in that direction, in hopes of achieving "superpowers". Insight meditation is quite different however, and although some degree of concentration is needed, the meditator focuses more on mindfulness of the situation. Insight is defined in the dictionary as "the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation". The basis of insight meditation is the four foundations of mindfulness. They include contemplation of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of the mind-state and contemplation of mind-objects. To achieve mindfulness one must try to be aware of these foundations as they exist in their bodies. For example to be mindful of the body, it is necessary to be aware of breathing in, breathing out, posture, bodily movements inwardly and outwardly etc. One must be conscious of mind-objects such as desire, and understand hoe feelings like that come about and how they are eliminated. To understand mindfulness as simply as possible, one can look at the difference between an unmindful person and the opposite. Everyday we see people who are unmindful of their actions, unmindful of their movements. Someone on the street who steps into a large puddle is unmindful of walking, such as someone who slips and falls. The state of mind of this person is unclear and possibly confused. We can compare this to ourselves in everyday life. Almost everybody has moments of calmness and moments of panic in their lives. When we are calm and composed, our minds are bright and clear, and our actions involve more thought. If we were to take a long walk on a desolate beach, with not a single soul around, we would have a higher degree of mindfulness than say, a walk to the subway station. A walk along the beach is much more peaceful, thus easier for us to achieve that mindfulness. On the other hand most of us have experienced a time in our lives when we have been panic-stricken, for whatever reason. In those cases, are mind is cluttered, we cannot think clearly and make rational decisions. In a way we are separate from our mind

Process Journal :: Papers

For our set text we were given the play Mrs Warrens Profession. For our choice of scene we chose scene four, the last act because the scene contains the right amount of characters for our group of four. Also the ending scene is the climax of the entire play and is full of action, we felt that the last scene was complete with comedy and romance, tension and emotion and our group felt that this scene would hold the audiences attention well. In staging the set text scene we needed to show the office environment, so we used two tables and a few chairs as in the stage instructions, and we used props such as books and papers, and a pen in an ink holder to show the time that the play was set. We were only allowed five lighting changes in total, so our group decided to keep the lighting the same to allow for more in our devised scene. The warm, yellow light suited the topics being discussed at the beginning of the scene, going to Italy and beauty and romance, but if we had unlimited changes I would have had the lighting slowly change to a harsher less yellow light when I entered, to show trouble and set the mood, and then again when Frank and Praed left to increase the tension. When we first read through the set text, we played around with different elements of the characters, emphasizing areas and changing voices and tones of voice, and exaggerating characters to then point of humour. This was in order to explore my character fully and find out as much as I could about my interpretation of how Mrs Warren thought and acted. From this and exploring the text thoroughly I found that my character, Mrs Warren was a strong character and firm in her

Carnival Event Essay

To conclude this magical event full of happiness, dances, music, costumes and charisma produce in every single person each year a colorful spirit of carnival. To conclude this magical event full of happiness, dances, music, costumes and charisma produce in every single person each year a colorful spirit of carnival. The lovely kids that every body was waiting for arrived to the carnival event. Preschool beautiful princesses were already dancing through all the marathon gym so every single person could see the great dancers they were. We could say that this show was a triumph just because of the presentation of preschool with all the little kids that had happy faces during all the presentation so they keep us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them. After this amazing carnival event of the British international college finally finished, some interviews to certain teachers were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and queen of the event, told us â€Å"even though I’ve never been in a carnival event before I can say that this â€Å"lectura del bando† was totally Very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, high school teacher, told us â€Å"well I could honestly admit that this year dew to the fact that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a big smile in his face , Mr. Guy , headmaster of the school told us â€Å"that he was very proud of all the work done in this fantastic event were teachers and student gave all their effort . The lovely kids that every body was waiting for arrived to the carnival event. Preschool beautiful princesses were already dancing through all the marathon gym so every single person could see the great dancers they were. We could say that this show was a triumph just because of the presentation of preschool with all the little kids that had happy faces during all the presentation so they keep us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them. After this amazing carnival event of the British international college finally finished, some interviews to certain teachers were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and queen of the event, told us â€Å"even though I’ve never been in a carnival event before I can say that this â€Å"lectura del bando† was totally Very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, high school teacher, told us â€Å"well I could honestly admit that this year dew to the fact that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a big smile in his face , Mr. Guy , headmaster of the school told us â€Å"that he was very proud of all the work done in this fantastic event were teachers and student gave all their effort .   This surprising and colorful event started at 7:00 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited, there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colors you can imagine. People were amazed o f such gracefully dances with the folkloric music. The main event of this fascinated carnival opening started with the entrance of the princesses and â€Å"rey momos† of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they â€Å"illuminated† the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. This surprising and colorful event started at 7:00 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited, there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colors you can imagine. People were amazed of such gracefully dances with the folkloric music. The main event of this fascinated carnival opening started with the entrance of the princesses and â€Å"rey momos† of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they â€Å"illuminated† the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. Yesterday morning in the British international school we had one of the most expected event of the year â€Å"lectura del bando† one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals. Yesterday morning in the British international school we had one of the most expected event of the year â€Å"lectura del bando† one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals.

Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product

Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the value of all goods and services that a country can produce in a period of one year. Nominal gross domestic product is basically the use of current prices to value the goods and services of country in a specific year. Real gross domestic product just like nominal GDP, is the valuation of a country’s output in terms of the goods and services produced by the citizens in a particular year (Griffiths Wall, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The only difference is that, this measure utilises the prices of a particular past year normally referred to as the base year. It should be noted that the main difference between real gross domestic product and nominal domestic product is that when calculating real GDP, the prices of goods and services are adjusted for inflation while in the cal culation of nominal GDP, this is not done. According to Griffiths Wall (2011) â€Å"Real gross domestic product is basically the use of current prices to measure the value of the goods and services that a specific country produces in a particular year while the nominal gross domestic product uses current market prices to measure the value of the same goods and services†. It is important to note that economists consider real GDP as the better measure between the two. Another definition that has been used to differentiate between the two is the definition of nominal GDP as a country’s national output. A country’s national output has been defined by various economists as the product of the price and quantity of the goods and services that its citizens produce in a particular year. In order to arrive at the Real GDP, the nominal GDP is normally divided by the rate of inflation in the country. Inflation has been defined as â€Å"the general increase in the prices o f goods and services† (O Sullivan Steven). It is important to note that the reason why the value is adjusted for inflation is due to the fact that in case of a price increase in a subsequent year, nominal GDP would not give the true value if the adjustment is not made as it would be larger than it should actually be. It is important to note that when the nominal gross domestic product is manipulated by the price index, real gross domestic product is arrived at. Another important issue to note is that it is not possible to make a comparison between the nominal gross domestic product and the gross domestic product rates recorded in previous years or decades. It should be noted that any increase in the rate of inflation leads to a corresponding increase in nominal gross domestic product. Real gross domestic product is therefore used to assess the overall production of goods and services in a particular country. Nominal gross domestic product on the other hand is used to present the raw data regarding the production of goods and services in a particular year and disregards the relative value of the currency in terms of what exactly the currency can buy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Griffiths, A Wall, S. (2011).Economic for Business and Management, Third edition, Harlow Pearson Education Limited O Sullivan, A. Steven M. S. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall

Complete Guide on Writing Your Art Research Paper as Required by the Strictest Instructors

Complete Guide on Writing Your Art Research Paper as Required by the Strictest Instructors A full understanding of how to complete a solid art research paper will help you attain the good results in this intellectual activity. In general, all the college undergraduates majoring in Fine Arts, Performing Arts or Art History are required to have the particular knowledge in writing some different academic assignments essays, reviews, analyses, research papers, etc. The strong research, critical and writing skills always help students complete their projects on various topics related to such a discipline as Art. Since this discipline is a broad field of study, it involves a significant number of categories that might be discussed in the research papers. As a result, students that have a great passion for the arts often face some challenges in selecting a good research topic they would like to cover on. The list of the interesting topics for the research papers may include the history of art, the art of different nations and peoples, the difference between the artistic movement s, styles, or figures, and the other issues. It is a high time to provide the detailed description of a well-written research paper. What is it? In general, it denotes that you need to do scientific writing on a particular topic. As opposed to an essay assignment, research paper writing is the task that is usually given to the students at higher academic levels colleges and universities. The structure of a good research paper should include some important elements like: the definition of the issue examined in a research paper Introduction; the description of different studies related to this issue Literature Review; the presentation of research methods used to explore this issue Methodology, etc. In the process of writing this academic assignment, it is important to provide some interesting materials that could be useful for further studies regarding any given topic. Whereas an essay is mostly built on your knowledge of a particular problem, a research paper includes not only your thoughts but also the academic publications that provide the additional information regarding the research topic. It is common knowledge that every writing assignment should have a specific purpose. Taking into consideration the discipline of Art, the main purpose of your research paper is to provide the readers with a detailed description and analysis of the issue mentioned in the title of the paper. Select a Topic for Your Art Research Paper A right choice of a topic of your further research can be regarded as the main factor that improves your chances to write a well-structured research paper of high quality. While selecting a topic for your paper, you should take into account two aspects of it. On the one hand, it is important to have the particular knowledge regarding the topic you want to research. On the other hand, if your knowledge leaves something to be desired, you should have at least a great interest in studying this issue as well as in searching for the additional materials related to the topic of the research paper. At the very beginning, students are recommended to choose a specific topic on the Art. Then, they should narrow down it to the most interesting side of the investigation that will engage college undergraduates in completing academic research projects. Firstly, since Art is considered to be a broad subject field, you should identify the activities of the arts that kindle your strong interest as well as your careful attention. Such activities may involve painting, music, dancing, architecture, sculpture, and different performing arts. In most cases, students are more likely to select research topics related to the fields of music and painting. Regarding the issue of music, you may research the impact of the particular music genre on the development of the society in a selected country. One of the greatest examples of such art research paper is entitled as â€Å"The Impact of Jazz on the Development of the American Culture†. As for the field of painting, the majority of modern students chooses topics that are related to the prominent artists’ creative legacy or the differences between the art styles. For instance, if you are interested in this field of art, you can write a research paper comparing the painting technique s of Leonardo Da Vinci and Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. 5 Top Art Research Papers Topics Our Writers Advise The Effects of Painting on the Development of Ancient Civilization Societies; What Changes Occurred in the World of Art as the Result of the Renaissance Period? Top Differences Between the Art Forms Existed in the USA and European Countries; The Analysis of the Musical Compositions Applied in the Shakespearean Tragedies; The Development of Piano Music in the Cultural Revolution. 5 Pre-Writing Techniques to Start a Good Art Research Paper After the process of selecting a topic, you need to pass through the prewriting stage. Follow some effective pre-writing tips that bring some great benefits to you. Firstly, you start writing your research paper. Secondly, you start writing it as many experienced research writers do. That way, you maximize your chances to submit a well-researched/structured academic paper. When you are done with choosing the topic of your interest, it would be a great idea to brainstorm the different research ideas that can be included in your art paper. Make a list of keywords. Since it is the art research paper, use some art terms, artistic concepts, etc. Find credible information sources that are related to the issue in question. Make the well-organized notes regarding the topic of your research paper. It’s up to you what methods of note-taking to use. But still, take notes as many as possible to simplify the writing process. Before beginning to write a research paper, you should develop the outline that will help you finish the paper considerably faster. How to Structure and Organize Your Art Research Paper Write an Abstract for an Art Research Paper First of all, an abstract is an essential element of the research paper structure that you shouldn’t forget to include. In simple terms, this element is considered to be a summary of the content discussed in the research paper. You can be asked to write an abstract of two types. In most cases, an abstract is an informative part of a research paper that is written by a researcher after writing the entire paper. Usually, this section contains from 300 to 500 words that reflect the important points related to the research paper. In accordance with the structure of the abstract, this part of the academic assignment should include 4 main elements that are essential for writing a perfect art research paper abstract: A comprehensive and inclusive description of the research problem in question; The framework of a research paper. In this case, it is needed to analyze the structure of your art research paper and explain the use of theoretical, methodological, and historical basis of the writing; A brief description of the main arguments provided in a research paper; A concise summary of the paper’s findings/results. Another type of the text summary is a descriptive abstract. Usually, it contains less than 150 words. The main purpose of this structural element is to provide the readers with a brief description of the research paper. Write an Outline to Know How to Structure Your Research Paper First of all, it should be mentioned that an outline is a good way to represent the overview of the content in any written work. It can be used as a separate assignment and a pre-writing tool to organize the whole research project. In fact, developing an outline provides you with a general framework within which you need to work to write well-structured art research papers. We can provide you with the important details of an outline using the art history research paper for the illustrative purposes. In this case, the topic of the potential research paper is â€Å"The Impact of Ancient Egyptian Art on the Modern Society’s Perception of Art†. Since it is required to write a basic outline that will consist of 3 major parts an introduction, main body, and conclusion. While writing an outline, you should not provide the detailed description of all the points you are going to mention in your paper. In fact, you need to depict the concise and clear arguments that will define the scope of your art research paper writing. In the introduction, which is the opening part of your assignment, it is critical to introduce an effective thesis statement related to the topic that will be discussed in your art research paper. In this case, you can write the following thesis statement, â€Å"The Ancient Egyptian culture has a significant impact on modern society and enjoys great popularity up to this day. The reasons for this impactful influence include the beauty and uniqueness of their art and the development of crafting that can be regarded as the art movement as well.† In the main body, it is recommended to provide no less than three different arguments that support your thesis statement. The strongest argument mentioned in the research paper should be the final point that proves the accuracy of the paper’s focus. In the last paragraph, which is regarded as a conclusion, you are required to summarize all the points mentioned in the paper. In addition, in this part of the outline, you have to reiterate the thesis statement as well as your major findings of this research paper. 3 Main Parts Included in the Basic Structure of a Research Paper The title page of the research paper is the first point the readers pay attention to. Using the effective heading, you have more chances to explain what issue will be considered in the paper. In the case, don’t neglect the use of keywords that are essential for your research topic. All of them should be included on the front page. As an example of relevant keywords used in the title of an art research paper, we can offer the following one â€Å"The Impact of the Ancient Egyptian Culture on the Modern Society’s Perception of Art†. All the main points that will be presented in a research paper on Art have been already given in the title. And it is a correct way of dealing with any type of writing. In general, the structure of the art research paper should include an introduction, the main body with at least three main parts, and a conclusion. The introductory paragraph always provides the readers with the overall view of the issue discussed in the paper. Apart from the background knowledge regarding the topic, the introduction should include the effective thesis statement. Since our topic is related to the culture of the Ancient Egyptians, in this paragraph, we should introduce it to the full extent. Regarding the main body parts, each of them should present a separate argument related to the topic. What is more, the body paragraphs always begin with a topic sentence. In the art research paper, we can provide three main arguments that include the notion of the obelisk and its impact on the modern European culture, the popularity of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and the increased tendency of the nineteenth century to use the Egyptian themes in the fields of art and architecture. All the arguments should be supported by the evidence taken from the credible academic sources. The last two sections of this research paper include a conclusion and the list of references. In the concluded paragraph, you should summarize the main points mentioned in the paper. If you want to write a good art research paper, you should remember that all the sections should be correlated regarding the content as well as the logical sequence of the research ideas. 3 Post-Writing Steps That Polish Your Research Paper 1. Take into Consideration Some General Aspects of Good Writing Before you start proofreading the art research paper thoroughly every sentence, make sure that all the large aspects of this writing assignment are revised accordingly. What are these large aspects? Check for: The whole organization of the academic paper. Is the research paper content coherent? The development of the paper sections and paragraphs. Are the logically completed? 2. Proofread a Research Paper like a Real Pro In the process of proofreading the completed research paper, real experts proofread the text in both the print-out and computer screen versions. In favor of the latter, every student can say, â€Å"I always choose any online tool to edit my paper†. However, all experienced research paper writers, who have already written a significant number of different college writing assignments, are knowledgeable of the effectiveness of using both ways of proofreading papers. You can use some useful computer functions that allow them to identify some small grammatical errors and spelling mistakes. So using some available programs on the Internet, which are known as the computer spelling checkers, you have the opportunity to examine the accuracy of the text only. Print out your research paper as the human brain and eyes are capable of following the flow of ideas expressed on paper. While looking through a printing out paper, you can use a blank sheet of paper or ruler aimed at covering the whole text located below the string that you began to read out every sentence. 3. Edit a Paper According to the Formatting Style Needed In general, an academic style is characterized by an objective, consistent way of writing. It is ensured by adhering to a basic format. Don’t forget to check what formatting style you are required to stick to (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) But if you aren’t given an instruction on what style to use and you doubt, consider the main difference between two basic formats, APA and MLA: Whereas APA (American Psychological Association) format is used in such fields as Social Sciences to which Psychology, Sociology, Nursing, Business Studies belong, MLA (Modern Language Association) refers to writing in the Humanities such as Literature and Languages, History, Philosophy, the Arts, or Religion. Find your field of study in the MLA guidelines? Don’t hesitate to look through all the headings/subheadings, citations, references, and so on. Besides, it is highly recommended to check the issues of spacing and indentations that should be the same in every paragraph of the paper. However, academic writing leaves open the possibility to write in any possible format. And every formatting style has its specific rules the details of which can be easily found on the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) website. Needless to say, research paper writing on any subject is quite time-consuming. Do this, do that†¦ What is more, do it excellently. Otherwise, you risk losing some marks for the poor quality of research or the occurrence of some grammar mistakes. The last but not least useful advice is to ask someone who knows all the angles of academic writing to examine your art research paper carefully in the attempt to find the inaccuracies that you might have skipped. Do it before a paper submission date.