Commercial Property Management in Australia Essay

Commercial Property Management in Australia - Essay Example Paper begins with a brief analysis of the specific subject with an effort to explicate the reason for the interaction observed between the Commercial Property Management and the law (as distinguished between common law and statutory law). The characteristics and the consequences of this interaction are also a subject of analysis to the introductory part of the paper. Furthermore, the paper presents the key principles which operate in the Commercial Property Management sector of Australia trying to emphasize on two particular aspects: the influence of common law and that of the statutory law. At a next level, the key Occupational Health and Safety Provisions applied in the Commercial Property Management Practice in Victoria (Australia) are presented and analyzed to the best possible level in order to present their similarities and their points of differentiation. It has to be noticed that among the numerous Acts applied in the specific area the following two have been chosen for analy sis: the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 and the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act Regulation 2001. A reference to the recent Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 is also being made in order to present the level of development of the legal rules regarding the specific sector. Finally, the role and the function of the Victorian Workcover Authority is presented and analyzed as of its contribution to the resolution of the problems appeared in the Commercial Property Management area. One of the most important sectors of modern economies around the world is property management particularly the one related with the commercial market. The specific field of activity seems to have common elements among the states of the international communities; there are however certain points and issues that tend to be

A Quality Leader Essay Example for Free

A Quality Leader Essay Dr. Karoru Ishikawa is one of the world’s idolized leaders in quality control. His famous quote† Through total quality control with the participation of all employees, including the president, any company can create better products (or service) at a lower cost, increase sales, improve profit and make the company into a better organization ( Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa) . Ishikawa joined the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers, a quality research group back in 1949. The Japanese was concerned about their industry sector since it was known that American manufacturing was producing cheap toys and defective cameras. This group took on the responsibility of Japan’s quality-improvement; that was when Ishikawa took the initiative to build on Feigenbaum’s concept of total quality and promoted greater involvement by all employees, from the top management to the front-line staff, by reducing reliance on quality professionals and quality departments. He advocated collecting and analyzing factual data using simple visual tools, statistical techniques, and teamwork as the foundations for implementing total quality. Like others, Ishikawa believed that quality begins with the customer and therefore, understanding customers’ needs is the basis for improvement, and that complaints should be actively sought. (Evans, 2010 pg 110) Background Kaoru Ishikawa was born in 1915 in Tokyo. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1939 with a degree in Applied Chemistry. In his brief tour in the military as a Naval Technical Officer In charge of 600 workers to construct a factory he quoted â€Å"This experience he says was invaluable to Quality Control activities later on. †, (Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa) He worked for Nissan Liquid Fuel Company from 1941-1947 before he was appointed associate Professor of the University of Tokyo. In 1949 He joined the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers because he wanted to change the way people thought about work and help management improve the quality of their product. In 1970 Dr. Ishikawa started conducting quality control training seminars. Around 1978 Dr. Ishikawa became the President of Musashi Institute of Technology. Upon Ishikawa’s 1989 death, Dr. Juran delivered this message: â€Å"There is so much to be learned by studying how Dr. Ishikawa managed to accomplish so much during a single lifetime. In my observation, he did so by applying his natural gifts in an exemplary way. He was dedicated to serving society rather than serving himself. His manner was modest, and this elicited the cooperation of others. † (Dr. Joseph M. Juran) Primary work and significant accomplishments Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa accomplishments have include helping thousands of companies, like IBM, Bridgestone, and Komatsu, to turn out higher quality products at considerable lower costs. His book,†What is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way†, Prentice Hall, Inc. was a best seller in business books. He has been awarded the Deming Prize and the Nihon Keizai Press Prize, the Industrial Standardization Prize for his writings on Quality Control, and the Grant Award in 1971 from the American Society for Quality Control for his education programmer on Quality Control. Process Improvement Japan, 2012). His creation of the fishbone diagram, the user can see all possible root causes of process imperfections. There are many other accomplishments that Dr. Ishikawa has made, which you can find in books and online. These were deserving awards due to his unselfish work ethics and have truly made him a quality genius. Conclusion Through total quality control a company of any type can stay in business, make products at lower cost, and endure great productivity from its workers. Dr Ishikawa wanted to change the way workers and management do business. Quality should start with the customer and it can be done using his writings, fishbone diagram, and other tools like control charts, run charts, histogram, scatter diagram, Pareto charts, and flowcharts. His knowledge was needed in a time when people wanted a product that will last and was supported by the company who makes it. His many accomplishments and strong work ethics influenced many companies to change and many of those companies are still in business today. Dr. Ishikawa is truly a leader in quality control.

Insight Meditation :: essays research papers

Buddhist meditation practices often emphasize mainly concentration, particularly on a certain person, place or thing. They teach the mind to focus on one point or object, which achieves strength of concentration. The results are peaceful states, and in some very rare cases are said to create supernormal powers. That is no wonder why many people steer in that direction, in hopes of achieving "superpowers". Insight meditation is quite different however, and although some degree of concentration is needed, the meditator focuses more on mindfulness of the situation. Insight is defined in the dictionary as "the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation". The basis of insight meditation is the four foundations of mindfulness. They include contemplation of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of the mind-state and contemplation of mind-objects. To achieve mindfulness one must try to be aware of these foundations as they exist in their bodies. For example to be mindful of the body, it is necessary to be aware of breathing in, breathing out, posture, bodily movements inwardly and outwardly etc. One must be conscious of mind-objects such as desire, and understand hoe feelings like that come about and how they are eliminated. To understand mindfulness as simply as possible, one can look at the difference between an unmindful person and the opposite. Everyday we see people who are unmindful of their actions, unmindful of their movements. Someone on the street who steps into a large puddle is unmindful of walking, such as someone who slips and falls. The state of mind of this person is unclear and possibly confused. We can compare this to ourselves in everyday life. Almost everybody has moments of calmness and moments of panic in their lives. When we are calm and composed, our minds are bright and clear, and our actions involve more thought. If we were to take a long walk on a desolate beach, with not a single soul around, we would have a higher degree of mindfulness than say, a walk to the subway station. A walk along the beach is much more peaceful, thus easier for us to achieve that mindfulness. On the other hand most of us have experienced a time in our lives when we have been panic-stricken, for whatever reason. In those cases, are mind is cluttered, we cannot think clearly and make rational decisions. In a way we are separate from our mind

Process Journal :: Papers

For our set text we were given the play Mrs Warrens Profession. For our choice of scene we chose scene four, the last act because the scene contains the right amount of characters for our group of four. Also the ending scene is the climax of the entire play and is full of action, we felt that the last scene was complete with comedy and romance, tension and emotion and our group felt that this scene would hold the audiences attention well. In staging the set text scene we needed to show the office environment, so we used two tables and a few chairs as in the stage instructions, and we used props such as books and papers, and a pen in an ink holder to show the time that the play was set. We were only allowed five lighting changes in total, so our group decided to keep the lighting the same to allow for more in our devised scene. The warm, yellow light suited the topics being discussed at the beginning of the scene, going to Italy and beauty and romance, but if we had unlimited changes I would have had the lighting slowly change to a harsher less yellow light when I entered, to show trouble and set the mood, and then again when Frank and Praed left to increase the tension. When we first read through the set text, we played around with different elements of the characters, emphasizing areas and changing voices and tones of voice, and exaggerating characters to then point of humour. This was in order to explore my character fully and find out as much as I could about my interpretation of how Mrs Warren thought and acted. From this and exploring the text thoroughly I found that my character, Mrs Warren was a strong character and firm in her

Carnival Event Essay

To conclude this magical event full of happiness, dances, music, costumes and charisma produce in every single person each year a colorful spirit of carnival. To conclude this magical event full of happiness, dances, music, costumes and charisma produce in every single person each year a colorful spirit of carnival. The lovely kids that every body was waiting for arrived to the carnival event. Preschool beautiful princesses were already dancing through all the marathon gym so every single person could see the great dancers they were. We could say that this show was a triumph just because of the presentation of preschool with all the little kids that had happy faces during all the presentation so they keep us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them. After this amazing carnival event of the British international college finally finished, some interviews to certain teachers were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and queen of the event, told us â€Å"even though I’ve never been in a carnival event before I can say that this â€Å"lectura del bando† was totally Very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, high school teacher, told us â€Å"well I could honestly admit that this year dew to the fact that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a big smile in his face , Mr. Guy , headmaster of the school told us â€Å"that he was very proud of all the work done in this fantastic event were teachers and student gave all their effort . The lovely kids that every body was waiting for arrived to the carnival event. Preschool beautiful princesses were already dancing through all the marathon gym so every single person could see the great dancers they were. We could say that this show was a triumph just because of the presentation of preschool with all the little kids that had happy faces during all the presentation so they keep us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them. After this amazing carnival event of the British international college finally finished, some interviews to certain teachers were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and queen of the event, told us â€Å"even though I’ve never been in a carnival event before I can say that this â€Å"lectura del bando† was totally Very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, high school teacher, told us â€Å"well I could honestly admit that this year dew to the fact that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a big smile in his face , Mr. Guy , headmaster of the school told us â€Å"that he was very proud of all the work done in this fantastic event were teachers and student gave all their effort .   This surprising and colorful event started at 7:00 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited, there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colors you can imagine. People were amazed o f such gracefully dances with the folkloric music. The main event of this fascinated carnival opening started with the entrance of the princesses and â€Å"rey momos† of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they â€Å"illuminated† the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. This surprising and colorful event started at 7:00 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited, there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colors you can imagine. People were amazed of such gracefully dances with the folkloric music. The main event of this fascinated carnival opening started with the entrance of the princesses and â€Å"rey momos† of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they â€Å"illuminated† the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. Yesterday morning in the British international school we had one of the most expected event of the year â€Å"lectura del bando† one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals. Yesterday morning in the British international school we had one of the most expected event of the year â€Å"lectura del bando† one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals.

Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product

Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the value of all goods and services that a country can produce in a period of one year. Nominal gross domestic product is basically the use of current prices to value the goods and services of country in a specific year. Real gross domestic product just like nominal GDP, is the valuation of a country’s output in terms of the goods and services produced by the citizens in a particular year (Griffiths Wall, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nominal versus Real Gross Domestic Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The only difference is that, this measure utilises the prices of a particular past year normally referred to as the base year. It should be noted that the main difference between real gross domestic product and nominal domestic product is that when calculating real GDP, the prices of goods and services are adjusted for inflation while in the cal culation of nominal GDP, this is not done. According to Griffiths Wall (2011) â€Å"Real gross domestic product is basically the use of current prices to measure the value of the goods and services that a specific country produces in a particular year while the nominal gross domestic product uses current market prices to measure the value of the same goods and services†. It is important to note that economists consider real GDP as the better measure between the two. Another definition that has been used to differentiate between the two is the definition of nominal GDP as a country’s national output. A country’s national output has been defined by various economists as the product of the price and quantity of the goods and services that its citizens produce in a particular year. In order to arrive at the Real GDP, the nominal GDP is normally divided by the rate of inflation in the country. Inflation has been defined as â€Å"the general increase in the prices o f goods and services† (O Sullivan Steven). It is important to note that the reason why the value is adjusted for inflation is due to the fact that in case of a price increase in a subsequent year, nominal GDP would not give the true value if the adjustment is not made as it would be larger than it should actually be. It is important to note that when the nominal gross domestic product is manipulated by the price index, real gross domestic product is arrived at. Another important issue to note is that it is not possible to make a comparison between the nominal gross domestic product and the gross domestic product rates recorded in previous years or decades. It should be noted that any increase in the rate of inflation leads to a corresponding increase in nominal gross domestic product. Real gross domestic product is therefore used to assess the overall production of goods and services in a particular country. Nominal gross domestic product on the other hand is used to present the raw data regarding the production of goods and services in a particular year and disregards the relative value of the currency in terms of what exactly the currency can buy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Griffiths, A Wall, S. (2011).Economic for Business and Management, Third edition, Harlow Pearson Education Limited O Sullivan, A. Steven M. S. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall

Complete Guide on Writing Your Art Research Paper as Required by the Strictest Instructors

Complete Guide on Writing Your Art Research Paper as Required by the Strictest Instructors A full understanding of how to complete a solid art research paper will help you attain the good results in this intellectual activity. In general, all the college undergraduates majoring in Fine Arts, Performing Arts or Art History are required to have the particular knowledge in writing some different academic assignments essays, reviews, analyses, research papers, etc. The strong research, critical and writing skills always help students complete their projects on various topics related to such a discipline as Art. Since this discipline is a broad field of study, it involves a significant number of categories that might be discussed in the research papers. As a result, students that have a great passion for the arts often face some challenges in selecting a good research topic they would like to cover on. The list of the interesting topics for the research papers may include the history of art, the art of different nations and peoples, the difference between the artistic movement s, styles, or figures, and the other issues. It is a high time to provide the detailed description of a well-written research paper. What is it? In general, it denotes that you need to do scientific writing on a particular topic. As opposed to an essay assignment, research paper writing is the task that is usually given to the students at higher academic levels colleges and universities. The structure of a good research paper should include some important elements like: the definition of the issue examined in a research paper Introduction; the description of different studies related to this issue Literature Review; the presentation of research methods used to explore this issue Methodology, etc. In the process of writing this academic assignment, it is important to provide some interesting materials that could be useful for further studies regarding any given topic. Whereas an essay is mostly built on your knowledge of a particular problem, a research paper includes not only your thoughts but also the academic publications that provide the additional information regarding the research topic. It is common knowledge that every writing assignment should have a specific purpose. Taking into consideration the discipline of Art, the main purpose of your research paper is to provide the readers with a detailed description and analysis of the issue mentioned in the title of the paper. Select a Topic for Your Art Research Paper A right choice of a topic of your further research can be regarded as the main factor that improves your chances to write a well-structured research paper of high quality. While selecting a topic for your paper, you should take into account two aspects of it. On the one hand, it is important to have the particular knowledge regarding the topic you want to research. On the other hand, if your knowledge leaves something to be desired, you should have at least a great interest in studying this issue as well as in searching for the additional materials related to the topic of the research paper. At the very beginning, students are recommended to choose a specific topic on the Art. Then, they should narrow down it to the most interesting side of the investigation that will engage college undergraduates in completing academic research projects. Firstly, since Art is considered to be a broad subject field, you should identify the activities of the arts that kindle your strong interest as well as your careful attention. Such activities may involve painting, music, dancing, architecture, sculpture, and different performing arts. In most cases, students are more likely to select research topics related to the fields of music and painting. Regarding the issue of music, you may research the impact of the particular music genre on the development of the society in a selected country. One of the greatest examples of such art research paper is entitled as â€Å"The Impact of Jazz on the Development of the American Culture†. As for the field of painting, the majority of modern students chooses topics that are related to the prominent artists’ creative legacy or the differences between the art styles. For instance, if you are interested in this field of art, you can write a research paper comparing the painting technique s of Leonardo Da Vinci and Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. 5 Top Art Research Papers Topics Our Writers Advise The Effects of Painting on the Development of Ancient Civilization Societies; What Changes Occurred in the World of Art as the Result of the Renaissance Period? Top Differences Between the Art Forms Existed in the USA and European Countries; The Analysis of the Musical Compositions Applied in the Shakespearean Tragedies; The Development of Piano Music in the Cultural Revolution. 5 Pre-Writing Techniques to Start a Good Art Research Paper After the process of selecting a topic, you need to pass through the prewriting stage. Follow some effective pre-writing tips that bring some great benefits to you. Firstly, you start writing your research paper. Secondly, you start writing it as many experienced research writers do. That way, you maximize your chances to submit a well-researched/structured academic paper. When you are done with choosing the topic of your interest, it would be a great idea to brainstorm the different research ideas that can be included in your art paper. Make a list of keywords. Since it is the art research paper, use some art terms, artistic concepts, etc. Find credible information sources that are related to the issue in question. Make the well-organized notes regarding the topic of your research paper. It’s up to you what methods of note-taking to use. But still, take notes as many as possible to simplify the writing process. Before beginning to write a research paper, you should develop the outline that will help you finish the paper considerably faster. How to Structure and Organize Your Art Research Paper Write an Abstract for an Art Research Paper First of all, an abstract is an essential element of the research paper structure that you shouldn’t forget to include. In simple terms, this element is considered to be a summary of the content discussed in the research paper. You can be asked to write an abstract of two types. In most cases, an abstract is an informative part of a research paper that is written by a researcher after writing the entire paper. Usually, this section contains from 300 to 500 words that reflect the important points related to the research paper. In accordance with the structure of the abstract, this part of the academic assignment should include 4 main elements that are essential for writing a perfect art research paper abstract: A comprehensive and inclusive description of the research problem in question; The framework of a research paper. In this case, it is needed to analyze the structure of your art research paper and explain the use of theoretical, methodological, and historical basis of the writing; A brief description of the main arguments provided in a research paper; A concise summary of the paper’s findings/results. Another type of the text summary is a descriptive abstract. Usually, it contains less than 150 words. The main purpose of this structural element is to provide the readers with a brief description of the research paper. Write an Outline to Know How to Structure Your Research Paper First of all, it should be mentioned that an outline is a good way to represent the overview of the content in any written work. It can be used as a separate assignment and a pre-writing tool to organize the whole research project. In fact, developing an outline provides you with a general framework within which you need to work to write well-structured art research papers. We can provide you with the important details of an outline using the art history research paper for the illustrative purposes. In this case, the topic of the potential research paper is â€Å"The Impact of Ancient Egyptian Art on the Modern Society’s Perception of Art†. Since it is required to write a basic outline that will consist of 3 major parts an introduction, main body, and conclusion. While writing an outline, you should not provide the detailed description of all the points you are going to mention in your paper. In fact, you need to depict the concise and clear arguments that will define the scope of your art research paper writing. In the introduction, which is the opening part of your assignment, it is critical to introduce an effective thesis statement related to the topic that will be discussed in your art research paper. In this case, you can write the following thesis statement, â€Å"The Ancient Egyptian culture has a significant impact on modern society and enjoys great popularity up to this day. The reasons for this impactful influence include the beauty and uniqueness of their art and the development of crafting that can be regarded as the art movement as well.† In the main body, it is recommended to provide no less than three different arguments that support your thesis statement. The strongest argument mentioned in the research paper should be the final point that proves the accuracy of the paper’s focus. In the last paragraph, which is regarded as a conclusion, you are required to summarize all the points mentioned in the paper. In addition, in this part of the outline, you have to reiterate the thesis statement as well as your major findings of this research paper. 3 Main Parts Included in the Basic Structure of a Research Paper The title page of the research paper is the first point the readers pay attention to. Using the effective heading, you have more chances to explain what issue will be considered in the paper. In the case, don’t neglect the use of keywords that are essential for your research topic. All of them should be included on the front page. As an example of relevant keywords used in the title of an art research paper, we can offer the following one â€Å"The Impact of the Ancient Egyptian Culture on the Modern Society’s Perception of Art†. All the main points that will be presented in a research paper on Art have been already given in the title. And it is a correct way of dealing with any type of writing. In general, the structure of the art research paper should include an introduction, the main body with at least three main parts, and a conclusion. The introductory paragraph always provides the readers with the overall view of the issue discussed in the paper. Apart from the background knowledge regarding the topic, the introduction should include the effective thesis statement. Since our topic is related to the culture of the Ancient Egyptians, in this paragraph, we should introduce it to the full extent. Regarding the main body parts, each of them should present a separate argument related to the topic. What is more, the body paragraphs always begin with a topic sentence. In the art research paper, we can provide three main arguments that include the notion of the obelisk and its impact on the modern European culture, the popularity of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and the increased tendency of the nineteenth century to use the Egyptian themes in the fields of art and architecture. All the arguments should be supported by the evidence taken from the credible academic sources. The last two sections of this research paper include a conclusion and the list of references. In the concluded paragraph, you should summarize the main points mentioned in the paper. If you want to write a good art research paper, you should remember that all the sections should be correlated regarding the content as well as the logical sequence of the research ideas. 3 Post-Writing Steps That Polish Your Research Paper 1. Take into Consideration Some General Aspects of Good Writing Before you start proofreading the art research paper thoroughly every sentence, make sure that all the large aspects of this writing assignment are revised accordingly. What are these large aspects? Check for: The whole organization of the academic paper. Is the research paper content coherent? The development of the paper sections and paragraphs. Are the logically completed? 2. Proofread a Research Paper like a Real Pro In the process of proofreading the completed research paper, real experts proofread the text in both the print-out and computer screen versions. In favor of the latter, every student can say, â€Å"I always choose any online tool to edit my paper†. However, all experienced research paper writers, who have already written a significant number of different college writing assignments, are knowledgeable of the effectiveness of using both ways of proofreading papers. You can use some useful computer functions that allow them to identify some small grammatical errors and spelling mistakes. So using some available programs on the Internet, which are known as the computer spelling checkers, you have the opportunity to examine the accuracy of the text only. Print out your research paper as the human brain and eyes are capable of following the flow of ideas expressed on paper. While looking through a printing out paper, you can use a blank sheet of paper or ruler aimed at covering the whole text located below the string that you began to read out every sentence. 3. Edit a Paper According to the Formatting Style Needed In general, an academic style is characterized by an objective, consistent way of writing. It is ensured by adhering to a basic format. Don’t forget to check what formatting style you are required to stick to (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) But if you aren’t given an instruction on what style to use and you doubt, consider the main difference between two basic formats, APA and MLA: Whereas APA (American Psychological Association) format is used in such fields as Social Sciences to which Psychology, Sociology, Nursing, Business Studies belong, MLA (Modern Language Association) refers to writing in the Humanities such as Literature and Languages, History, Philosophy, the Arts, or Religion. Find your field of study in the MLA guidelines? Don’t hesitate to look through all the headings/subheadings, citations, references, and so on. Besides, it is highly recommended to check the issues of spacing and indentations that should be the same in every paragraph of the paper. However, academic writing leaves open the possibility to write in any possible format. And every formatting style has its specific rules the details of which can be easily found on the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) website. Needless to say, research paper writing on any subject is quite time-consuming. Do this, do that†¦ What is more, do it excellently. Otherwise, you risk losing some marks for the poor quality of research or the occurrence of some grammar mistakes. The last but not least useful advice is to ask someone who knows all the angles of academic writing to examine your art research paper carefully in the attempt to find the inaccuracies that you might have skipped. Do it before a paper submission date.

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Free Essays

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Free Essays Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His father was James Nathaniel and his mother was Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes. His grandfather was Charles Langston, an Ohio abolitionist. As a young boy he lived in Buffalo, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, Lawrence, Kansas, Mexico City, Topeka, Kansas, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Kansas City, Kansas. In 1914 his parents divorced and he, his mother, and his stepfather moved to Lincoln, Illinois. In high school back in Cleveland, he was elected class poet, and editor of the senior class yearbook. He taught English to some families in Mexico in 1921 and also published his first prose piece, "Mexican Games"(Davis). In an excerpt from an article about Langston Hughes in Encarta 97, it says that he was discovered in 1925, while he was working as a busboy in a restaurant in Washington, D.C., when he accidentally left three of his poems next to the plate of Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. She helped him ge! t publicity for his works and she got him seriously started in writing(Encarta). In an article about Langston Hughes in The Reference Library of Black America it talks about all the places in the world that Hughes has traveled. He probably used much of the information of the cultures of other countries to write. Hughes traveled all over the world as a seaman. He went to the Soviet Union, Haiti, Japan, Spain, Genoa, France, and other parts of Europe. Hughes was an author, anthologist, librettist, songwriter, columnist, translator, founder of theaters, and a poetical innovator in jazz technology. Hughes liked to write in many genres such as prose, comedy, drama, fiction, biographies, autobiographies, and TV and radio scripts. Langston Hughes was the father of the Harlem Renaissance and made many contributions on the behalf of African- Americans which led to the end of discrimination and segregation(Davis). Hughes was an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance because he was one of the most talented and famous black writers in his time. The Harlem Renaissance was the black movement during the 1920's. Many African-Americans got famous during this time and more people in the United States and the world got to see another side of African- Americans which had never been seen before. People saw that blacks could do things the same or better than white people and many, but certainly not all, barriers like segregation were decreased noticeably. He wrote numerous protest poems in which he used irony to get his points across to the reader. Hughes was influenced by Jean Toomer, another black writer and poet. It seemed as though Hughes used his poetry as a way to combat against the ongoing struggle that African- Americans still face today. Many believe that his best poems were inspired by the city of Harlem. He was even called the "Poet-Laureate of Harlem" because of his unders! tanding for the city. Hughes best volume of Harlem works is Montage of a Dream Deferred. Hughes was the author who during the Harlem Renaissance used much of the Black culture in his work. He began to use the Blues, Ballad form, dance rhythms, folk speech, and Jazz in his poetry. Hughes had success in many different fields of writing. His best drama, "Mulatto," a play, was performed on Broadway 373 times in 1935. In his best comedy, "Little Ham"(1935), again he uses themes from Harlem. Hughes's best fiction is in his "Simple" series. In his lifetime, Langston Hughes won several awards. In 1925 he won his first prize for poetry in the Opportunity contest and third prize for essay in the Crisis contest. In 1926 he published his first volume of poems, The Weary Blues. In 1953 he won the Anisfeld-Wolfe Award. Hughes also won the Witter Bynner Prize for undergraduate poetry while attending Lincoln University. Even West Indian poets, such as Leopold Senghor, saw Hughes as the father of the Negritude Movement(Davis). One of Hughes's works mentioned in the book, The Langston Hughes Reader, is entitled, My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience. This short story of his is a true story of his childhood. It shows all the themes he is fighting for and the things he is fighting against. What happens is that

Studies on the Economic Effects and Bans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Studies on the Economic Effects and Bans - Essay Example Most drugs are considered illegal since they have a way of causing significant side effects not only to the person abusing them but also the other people who directly interact with him or her. However, in any circumstance, cigarettes are still allowed whether an individual is hawking them or is just in their possession. There is a sort of regulation that has been put in force in purchasing the good. Age sixteen is the minimum age allowed for an individual to buy this particular commodity. However, it has been revealed by a number of researchers that greedy shopkeepers violate this policy by selling it before trying to find out the age or even identity of the buyer. Most individuals are always against smoking due to the irritating smell and are also scared of the health implications that accompany the act. When an individual begins the act, not only does he cause harm to himself but also results to environmental pollution and makes other people directly interacting with them to smoke. This is what is referred to as passive smoking and it can result to great harm to the internal body. As each year passes by, the smoking habit has greatly increased resulting to a proportional increase in passive smokers. Aware of the incoming disaster, the U.K government is in turn about to present to the queen a proposed bill that bans cigarette smoking in several public places. ASH, which stands for Action on Smoking and Health is a lobby for anti smoking whose mandate is to easily communicate with a market of their choice on the adverse effects of smoking. To achieve this, it closely works with â€Å"cancer research U.K†. Both companies professionally join forces to get rid of illnesses caused by smoking. ASH also worked with â€Å"you goo† company in carrying out prospective researches. It also issued ASH the research questionnaires. As a normal company, the main Aim of ASH it to ensure a global village free of tobacco harms. It can therefore be referred to as a public health campaigning charity organization. The ASH therefore is seen as an organization that doesn’t necessarily support the use of tobacco but is keen at dealing with the aftermath of its abuse. It can therefore be deduced that this organization is aware that completely banning cigarette smoking is hard n hence decides to focus more on how to deal with the aftermath. On the other hand, after taking my time to read an article written by Russell, I noticed called â€Å"The Facts† I noticed the authors artistic nature of pointing out the reasons behind the smoking ban. I noticed however that the studies selected by Russell take a one-sided trend and omits very significant points. In studying the smoking ban, one of the main agendas was to put solid proof to table as to why bans are relevant for business. It was discovered from a research made in California that there was a slight revenue increase of 5% after the ban was imposed. The study however fails to recognize the fact that the fact that at that very moment an overwhelming economic growth was being experienced by the country. The study also was keen at giving the exact number of businesses that strictly banned smoking. Several businesses were a part of the study yet most of them had put the ban under operation long before the study was conducted. The most affected businesses were the likes of bowling alleys, bars, bingo parlor, etc hence they were completely left out of the

THE TACTICS OF MAYA FARMERS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE TACTICS OF MAYA FARMERS - Essay Example The classic Maya civilization flourished in the southern low lands of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras between the last four centuries before Christ and AD 900. Despite the conditions of prolonged dry spells caused by draught, constant brushfires that devastated the earth, and erratic rain patterns that wreaked havoc on agriculture, the Maya community’s survival for such a long period of time could be attributed to their farming tactics. The hot and humid conditions of the low lands, with no possibility for irrigation, posed the primary challenge to the Mayan existence as a farming community, but they seemed to have adapted to these adverse conditions by their innovative tactics. They moved to the dense forest area that mantled the southern lowlands, cleared the primordial forest and utilized it for agriculture. In order to overcome the infertility of their homeland, they adopted the slash-and-burn cultivation by cleaning the brush and trees, and burning them. This helped them to put to use even the barren lands. However, this had a shortcoming that the fertility would last for only about two years or so. The Mayans were again imaginative here by migrating to fresher meadows where they cultivated, and returned after several years to utilize the same land they earlier abandoned. Maintaining this process as a cycle, they were able to use a wider area of land. Thus they were able to circumvent, albeit temporarily, the c hallenges of nature.

My Educational goals and why I would like to participate in the TSA Essay

My Educational goals and why I would like to participate in the TSA Associates program - Essay Example This would give me an opportunity attain new skills, knowledge, and tools and be in a position to improve my skills in customer service. I have always wanted to pursue a degree in higher education, and I believe that enrolling in TSA will be a step towards achieving my dream. Enrolling in TSA will offer me an opportunity to take classes while working for TSA at the same time.  Being part of a dynamic security team has enabled me to contribute in protecting our airports. However, I believe that I need more skills to make me more efficient in my duties. I would wish to enroll in all the three of the classes offered in the TSA Associate Program, which include Introduction to Homeland Security, Intelligence Analysis, and Transportation and Border Security. Getting an opportunity to enroll and complete the TSA Associate program will enable me attain an Associate degree in homeland security later, receive a TSA Certificate of Completion in addition to an Academic Certificate from the Institute of Higher Education. Attaining more education through the TSA Associate program will make me a better candidate for future positions in TSA. I believe that getting this opportunity and attending TSA  Associates  Program  will offer me appropriate  educational  foundation that I require to perform better in my current position within TSA and achieve more in both  my  academic and personal  goals. I understand that I need to have excellent communication skills to be able to get this opportunity since apposite communication skill are crucial thus I have already completed my Complete Foundations of Grammar SkillSoft course in

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II - Essay Example The exact legal definition for what would constitute humanitarian intervention has a wide latitude of discretion in terms of interpretation. The variations in its application include distinctions on humanitarian interventions limited to instances where: there may not be any consent from the host state, in instances where the intervention is being used as a form of punishment, and where the intervention involves retaliation for actions where the UN Security Council is already acting on2. In general, humanitarian interventions include activities the application of military actions. It is an intervention which seeks to interfere with state authority through the deployment of military forces within the restricted land and airspaces of the violating state3. This intervention also usually involves situations which may not impact on state interests but on acts which have humanitarian overtones. The issue of humanitarian intervention has long been one of the main issues of international poli cy and related considerations, especially with various incidents of human rights violations perpetuated by states against their citizens and against other residents4. The principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in independent state affairs are principles and arguments often used by violating states in order to refuse humanitarian interventions. ... Without the UN authorization, any military attack is considered illegal, however, there may be moral and political support given to it under certain exceptional cases7. The intervening states would not likely be accused as lawbreakers, however there is a risk that the international legal courts would deem their actions to be legally or politically unjustified. There is a strong justification for military action in the face of human rights violations against people of another state because the foundations of human rights are not based on state borders8. The fact that the human right violation is being carried out by the state against its citizens and the international body sets up a logical and justifiable case of human rights intervention. This doctrine was built naturally from the history of European imperialists using religious justifications in order to suppress the rights of their colonies9. These actions do not anymore apply to current times, however, the roots for humanitarian intervention can be understood clearly under these considerations. Humanitarian intervention is justified for a variety of reasons. One of its main purposes relate to the prevention of genocide and the mass murder of citizens by government actors. Research reveals that since the 1900s, governments have been able to carry out killings totalling up to 169,198,000 of their own citizens10. This number is actually a greater total than the lives lost in this century’s wars11. Humanitarian interventions have been carried out in some of these mass murders in order to stop the significant number of human rights abuses. In the case of Idi Amin of Uganda,

Microfinance - lending to the poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Microfinance - lending to the poor - Essay Example Due to these stringent measures, small scale businesses and private entrepreneurs are locked from assessing bank finances to support their businesses. The service of lending finances to small scale businesses and private entrepreneurs who cannot access such services from banking and other financial institutions is referred to as microfinance. Banking institutions consider such borrowers as lacking ability to repay loans and the interest (Collins et al. 135). However, microfinance institutions have successfully advanced finances to such borrowers for a long time and have managed to get them out of poverty. Conventionally, banks have ignored small scale clients by failing to grant them loans or accept deposits from them. Providing financial services to small scale customers is an expensive activity because it takes a lot of time to processes numerous but small value loans involving many clients (Collins et al. 155). This is because the same processes undertaken when processing small amount transaction is similar to that which is taken to process a large amount belonging to one large client. Since the same interest rate is charged for both large and small scale clients, banks prefer dealing with large clients in order to save costs involved when dealing with many small scale clients (Yunus 135). The operation cost of processing transactions in the bank remains unchanged regardless of the amount of funds the bank is handling. This is the reason why banks prefer large scale clients who are making large transactions so that they can maximize their revenues. According to Collins et al. (165 ), handling many accounts is costly in terms of data base management. This has discouraged banks from inviting membership from small scale clients so that they can maintain the cost of data base management as small as possible. According to Yunus (137), banks consider lending their finances to small scale

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II - Essay Example The exact legal definition for what would constitute humanitarian intervention has a wide latitude of discretion in terms of interpretation. The variations in its application include distinctions on humanitarian interventions limited to instances where: there may not be any consent from the host state, in instances where the intervention is being used as a form of punishment, and where the intervention involves retaliation for actions where the UN Security Council is already acting on2. In general, humanitarian interventions include activities the application of military actions. It is an intervention which seeks to interfere with state authority through the deployment of military forces within the restricted land and airspaces of the violating state3. This intervention also usually involves situations which may not impact on state interests but on acts which have humanitarian overtones. The issue of humanitarian intervention has long been one of the main issues of international poli cy and related considerations, especially with various incidents of human rights violations perpetuated by states against their citizens and against other residents4. The principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in independent state affairs are principles and arguments often used by violating states in order to refuse humanitarian interventions. ... Without the UN authorization, any military attack is considered illegal, however, there may be moral and political support given to it under certain exceptional cases7. The intervening states would not likely be accused as lawbreakers, however there is a risk that the international legal courts would deem their actions to be legally or politically unjustified. There is a strong justification for military action in the face of human rights violations against people of another state because the foundations of human rights are not based on state borders8. The fact that the human right violation is being carried out by the state against its citizens and the international body sets up a logical and justifiable case of human rights intervention. This doctrine was built naturally from the history of European imperialists using religious justifications in order to suppress the rights of their colonies9. These actions do not anymore apply to current times, however, the roots for humanitarian intervention can be understood clearly under these considerations. Humanitarian intervention is justified for a variety of reasons. One of its main purposes relate to the prevention of genocide and the mass murder of citizens by government actors. Research reveals that since the 1900s, governments have been able to carry out killings totalling up to 169,198,000 of their own citizens10. This number is actually a greater total than the lives lost in this century’s wars11. Humanitarian interventions have been carried out in some of these mass murders in order to stop the significant number of human rights abuses. In the case of Idi Amin of Uganda,

John dillinger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John dillinger - Research Paper Example His mother died when he was barely three and his father, an industrious grocer, brought him up in an environment of disciplinary extremes, at times harsh and repressive, but permissive and generous at other times. When Dillinger‘s father married another wife six years later, he became devoted to his step-mother who took care of him as if he were her own son. He went to Public school No. 38 but he became tired of school and quit before finishing grade eight and got a job in a veener mill (Kekionga Press, 6). Dillinger quickly lost interest with the job and he stayed out all night most of the times. Bothered that city temptations would corrupt his son, Dillinger‘s father, moved his family to a farm near Mooresville, Indiana, but this did not change him – he started running wild within no time. He later joined the navy, following trouble with the law (theft) and a break with his father. However, he soon got himself into problems and left his ship after docking in Bost on.

Classifications of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Classifications of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay 1. Technology Although the Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been around since the earliest days of automotive industry, they were not able to live up to consumer demand in terms of price range and charging time until recently. A recent survey has revealed what the consumer demands from EVs. According to a study based on a survey conducted in 17 countries with 13,000 individuals the demanded technology and the result of the study is that EV technology is at a period of its lifecycle where the performance of the technology is not at a level that customer expects. 1. 1. Range Although there is a high consumer willingness recently to either consider to purchase EV or willing to be a first mover when it comes to EV adoption, many of them does not compromise in Range. Despite the fact that the average consumer does not exceed 50 miles per day, the consumer still demands further range capacity from EVs. The majority of the consumers correlate EVs range with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles [1]. Also According to Hidrue, M. (2010) â€Å"range anxiety† is the primary concern of a potential EV consumer. As the figure illustrates, although the greater majority (78%) of consumers in the US drives around 50 miles, a big portion of them have expectation for EV to be able to drive around 300 miles. The current technology allows EVs to drive between approximately 100 miles between charges. The only EV that can get close to consumer demand in terms of range is Tesla S (which drives 265 miles) as of 2013. However, the average technology does not live up to consumer demand in terms of drivable range between charges currently. The main constraint for the low range is energy density. According to Deploit (2011), the forecast was revealing that with the battery technology in hand the driving range still would fall short of consumer expectations. 1. 2 Top Speed and Acceleration There are multiple schools of thought about how consumer behavior affects EV market. According to those consumers would purchase new vehicles whose attributes are superior to those of currently in the market, they would not seek alternatives which are worse than what they have currently [4]. As an example Nissan Leaf is rated up to 90 kW of power which is approximately 120 horsepower in ICE which is in line with a large number of compact and intermediate vehicles such as CW Jetta, Toyota Corolla and Ford Focus. There are also better EVs in the market in terms of performance, in example Tesla S series can produce 416 horsepower and can go up to 130 mph on a highway [5]. The reason why EV generally does not go more than that is that high speeds drop the fuel efficiency dramatically. Table. 1 The performance chart of Tesla S [5] 2. Vehicle Architecture 3. 1. Vehicle Architecture. Although there are different frames that can model a vehicle’s architecture, the following one is a comprehensive way to understand the functions and interrelationships of the components. In order to adjust the high speed of the electric machine to the low speed wheels, the torque of the left and right wheels are provided by a differential. Basically, the inverter inverts DC voltage battery into three-phase AC voltage that is required by the electric machine. Furthermore, it is also important to account for losses due to the components, which are not a part of the power chain when analyzing the energy consumption. These auxiliary losses comprise lighting system, comfort system, safety systems, etc. It is also very critical that the maximum voltage of the battery is not exceeded during the regenerative braking, to prevent that from happening the architecture is reinforced by braking resistor [6]. Exhibit 1. Architecture of a typical Electric vehicle [6] 3. 1. System Architecture Electric Vehicle’s architecture is similar at certain points to ICE. Driver interface and command interpreter receives input from users through steering wheel, brakes, and gas pedal and then by considering vehicle speed and vehicle path, creates propulsion. The motion control comprises two primary blocks such as the path controller and energy management controller. Path controller gives forces and moments demands to the force distributor. The energy management controller determines the state of the charge and estimates the overall traction force to be sent to command controller unit [7]. Exhibit 2. System architecture[7] References [1] Deloitte (2011), Survey: Electric vehicle realities versus consumer expectations [2] Hidrue, M., (2010) Willingness to Pay for Electric Vehicles and their Attributes [3] Wikipedia, (2013) Plug-in electric cars in the United States: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States [4] Lee, H. , Lovellette, G. , (2011) Will Electric Cars transform the U. S. Vehicle Market. [5]Wikipedia, Tesla S (2013), http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S [6] Shaltz, E. , (2011), Electric Vehicle Design and Modeling. [7] Sinha, P. , Agrawal, V. , (2011), Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Architecture Alternatives.

Turn of the Screw Unreliable Narrator

Turn of the Screw Unreliable Narrator Vision or perspective is a key theme that reoccurs in both the film entitled The Innocents by Jack Clayton, and novel Turn of the Screw by Henry James. They both suggest that the governesses vision is not dependable making her an unreliable narrator. Throughout the novel and the film the governess is certain that she sees ghosts and tries to convince Mrs. Grose, the housekeeper, to acknowledge their presence as well. The crucial question that is left unanswered in both novel and film is the existence of the ghosts. According to Banard, the governess is a neurotic spinster whose repressed passion for her employer, the childrens bachelor uncle causes her to hallucinate (Banard 199). The governess comes across similar to a boy crazy teenager who sees a man and falls head over heels in love with him. The governess exhibits much behaviour which makes her seem like she has a couple of her screws loose in her head. From the beginning of the novel the governess presents herself in a way that barely qualifies herself for the job as the childrens governess. The initial narrator, Douglas describes the governess as young, untried, nervous (James 121). From the first chapter the governess suggests that she is a somewhat moody person describing her past as a succession of flights and drops (James 123). It makes her seem like taking the job as a governess would be a bad idea because she is quite sensitive and fickle. By making us aware of her changes in mood, it makes her come across as nervous, emotional, and not necessarily reliable. Her instability creates a feeling of uncertainty to the readers which makes us uncertain that we can trust her point of view in the narrative. While the instability makes us, the readers doubt her, the uncle does not pick up on that unstableness at all for all he wants is someone to keep his niece and nephew out of his way so he can continue his life as an eligible bache lor. She even doubts herself, saying she feels she is making a mistake, felt all my doubts bristle again, felt indeed sure I had made a mistake.'(James123). It is the uncle who makes the mistake because he hires her even though she has no experience and does not know much about the job. When she arrives to Bly, she becomes irrational when she discovers that Miles, one of the children she is to care for has been expelled from school. As she constantly inquires about why he was sent away, Miles never answers her questions as to why he was expelled which makes her much more sceptical of him because he is acting like he is hiding something. Instead of writing to the school to investigate the real reason why Miles was expelled she conquers up her own reason rather than finding out the truth. She lets her imagination run wild about a little boy she barely knows concluding that Miles is an evil child which is why he was thrown out of school. The governess is very curious about the reason b ehind Miles expulsion but chooses to complicate the situation rather than just contacting the school. Her scepticism is obvious more in the film for she asks Miles quite frequently and never really responds. Without any proof she labels Miles and spends the rest of the novel and film trying to help him. In the end she discovers the truth finally; Miles was expelled because he said things to other boys at the school. The governess finally gets some answers when interrogating Miles in the last few chapters of the text although they are still vague: No, I didnt steal my handsshook him as if to ask him why, if it was all for nothing, he had he condemned me to months of torment. What then did you do? Well- I said things. Was it to everyone? I asked No- only a few. Those I liked. And did they repeat what you said? Oh yes, he nevertheless replied- they must have repeated them. To those they liked. (James 233-235). Even early on the novel she is proving herself to be unfit for the position she has acquired, in this particular scene she is interrogating Miles to find out answers. Instead of being the comforting caregiver like she was hired to be, the governess cross-examines the children similar to a criminal that is on trial. Even finding out the truth frustrates her because his answer is so vague. The governesses attitude towards the children makes her perspective as a narrator seemed biased and somewhat deceitful, she labels the children early on in the story which prevents us from seeing the childrens perspective as well. The technique James uses in his writing makes the text ambiguous for her chooses to tell the story from the perspective of the governess, an unreliable narrator which characterizes his writing. As Voltteler indicates in his argument, by using this technique the reader often witnesses events through the eyes of the character whose perception may be clouded by personal jealou sly, misunderstanding or self-deception (Votteler 263). In the case of the governess, her vision is clouded by her lust for the uncle. In addition to her desire for the uncle, she often sees Peter Quint or Miss Jessel but nobody else seems to acknowledge their presence when she points them out making it seem like she is the crazy one. In the film, the governess who is named Miss Gibbons goes looking for Flora by the lake and Miss Jessel appears and she tells Flora to look. When Flora indicates in the film that she has no idea what the governess is talking about she interrogates her and tries to force Flora into saying that she sees the ghost of Miss Jessel, someone whom Flora was close to and who died within the past year. When Mrs. Grose admits that she didnt see the ghost either, she is accused of betraying her for Mrs. Grose never did disagree with Miss Gibbons claims in neither the novel nor the film. In the novel, the governess calls Flora you little unhappy thing (James 213) and points Miss Jessel out from across the lake implying that Flora sees her. Flora replies scared and horrified that Miss Jessel was eve n brought up. I dont know what you mean. I see nobody. I see nothing. I never have. I think youre cruel. I dont like you!'(James 215). In the film, Clayton accentuates this scene by making Flora seem like she is corrupted not by the ghost but by Miss Giddons. In the film Flora seems like an innocent young girl and when Miss. Giddons questions her Flora looks as if she really does not see Miss. Jessel and it makes her quite upset. This scene emphasizes that Flora now sees that her governess is unfit and is corrupted. In forcing Flora to admit that she sees her previous governess, Flora then begins to think that Miss Giddons is wicked and cannot be trusted anymore. According to Wilson, there is never any reason for supposing that anybody but the governess sees the ghosts. She believes that the children see them, but there is never any proof that they do (Wilson 117). Not many questions are answered in the novel and the film; Clayton keeps with the ambiguous tone that is evident in the novel. Even the title of the film, The Innocents gives the viewer the idea that the governess is crazy and the children are merely just being children, a concept which the governess chooses to ignore. So when the children act in way that the governess does not understand she thinks that the children are corrupt and she must save them. In keeping with a similar representation among both the film and novel, it allows the viewer to decide for themselves. Either she is a crazy, hallucinating governess or the ghosts are real and the children are in on the plan to drive her out of Bly. Additionally, in the novel the governess has a fascination with gothic literature therefore she is hallucinating because she is a disturbed because she reads dark stories in her free time. What the governess first does after she sees Quint is compare it to her reading of gothic novels with romantic heroines. Was there a secret at Bly- a mystery of Udolpho or an insane, an unmentionable relative kept in unsuspected confinement?'(James 138). Since she loves reading such dark stories, they are all she has to compare what is happening in Bly to. When she first sees a man walking along the roof of the house all she can describe is what the figure looked like, but on her second sighting she feels that Quint was looking for someone other than her. This is important because as the story progresses her claims about the ghosts get more biased. Even though in the film there is no mention of her fascination with gothic books we still grasp that Miss Giddons mentality is not stable, making her an unfit caretaker. Afterwards the governess claims to know many things that cannot be proven, ridiculous claims based on her senses undermine her trustworthiness as a narrator in the novel. As well, when she sees these ghosts she is not certain that they are the deceased governess and valet until Mrs. Grose tells her that Miss Jessel, the previous governess and Peter Quint, the valet died nearby the house in Bly. The governess has no proof in the novel, whereas in the film an addition point is added, while playing hide and seek with the children, Miss Giddens finds an old photo of a man who Mrs. Grose identifies as Peter Quint. The additional proof added in the film makes the plot more believable because it means that Miss Giddens had some evidence to back up her claims. In the novel, all we are told about Quint is that he is handsome but it is really impossible to know how much the ghost the governess sees resembles Quint. According to Wilson, James knew what he was doing and he int ended the governess to be suffering from delusions. The governess could have learned about Quints appearance from the people in the village who with whom we know she had talked and who had presumably also told her of the manner of Quints death (Wilson 153).There are many ways she could have found out more information about the deaths of these two former employees which could have made her more delusional. Although neither the novel nor the film discuss her speaking to the other people in the town, we must not assume that the mansion is the only home in that part of England. So in conclusion, in both novel and film there is a recurring theme of unreliability of perception. The governess is shown as an unreliable narrator preventing us from seeing more than just her perspective. Her vision is contaminated by her lust for the childrens uncle who she falls head over heels in love with. From the beginning she is described in terms which make her perspective not trustworthy since she is described as moody. Throughout the novel and the film the governess is certain that she sees ghosts and tries to convince Mrs. Grose and the children that the ghost of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel are a reality. Lastly, her fascination with gothic literature enables her to see aspects of evil which may not be really there. As she imagines scenes from her book, she believes she is seeing ghosts which are not really there. So on the whole, many incidents contribute to the belief that the governess is just hallucinating the ghosts and corrupting Flora and Miles by frightening them .

Essay --

Chapter 3: Method and Methodology 3.1 Methodology This chapter will provide knowledge and understanding of the research process that was carried out, before revealing the results. Methodology is the foundation on which a researcher bases their work. This process is fundamental to the research project as a whole as illustrated in Ryan et al (2002): ‘the process of research is as important as the output’ (p.2). The manner in which research is conducted involves particular techniques. Tomkins and Groves (1983) highlight that the ‘selection of the most appropriate research methodology is dependent on the nature of the phenomenon being researched’ (Ryan et al, 2002, p.35). Methodology is essentially the process through which this research is conducted and consists of two dimensions: ontology and epistemology (Hopper and Powell, 1985, p.431). Burrell and Morgan’s (1979) Classification Matrix for the Analysis of Social Theory is constructed by two separate dimensions that are based upon assumptions of the nature of society and of social science. Within this framework, there are four paradigms; ontology, epistemology, human nature and methodology. For the purpose of this research project, the two paradigms which are of concern are ontology and epistemology. Ontology is concerned with the ‘nature of reality’ (Hopper and Powell, 1985 p.431) and epistemology the ‘nature of knowledge’ (ibid). Together these two elements define methodology. 3.1.1 Ontology Ontology, as described by Hopper and Powell (1985) is concerned with the ‘nature of ‘reality’’ (p.431). This indicates that ontology is ‘the study of existence and in this context is concerned with what we discern to be ‘real’’ (Ryan et al, 2002, p.13). There are two contrasting beliefs on t... ...uestionnaires were distributed to forty participants in total, 20 honours accounting students and twenty people from a range of occupations and professions. Upon analysis of the data, the researcher noted that there were more female respondents in comparison to their male counterparts. There were twenty-four women to sixteen men giving a ratio of 3:2. Most respondents were aged between 18 and 29 although this was to be expected as most students are within this age range. However the range of ages in the other respondent group, were much more varied, ranging from 18 to over 60. The response rate was 100% for the accounting students as the researcher handed them out in person and not via email or electronic survey. This ensured a quicker response time and a higher response rate. The response rate from the other 20 participants was significantly lower, at 63% (20/32).

Kay Redfield Jamisons Touched With Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and

Kay Redfield Jamison's Touched With Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temeprament In Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, Kay Redfield Jamison explores the compelling connection between mental disorders and artistic creativity. Artists have long been considered different from the general population, and one often hears tales of authors, painters, and composers who both struggle with and are inspired by their "madness". Jamison's text explores these stereotypes in a medical context, attributing some artists' irrational behaviors to mental disorders, particularly manic-depressive illness. In order to establish this link, Jamison presents an impressive collection of artists who have suffered from mental illness, whether diagnosed correctly during their lifetime or discovered in hindsight. Well organized and interesting, Jamison provides an ideal introduction to this still evolving idea, providing the reader with as many thought provoking questions as answers, and leaving the door open for further study. Jamison begins with a brief explanation of manic-depressive illness and its effects on human behavior. The term "manic-depressive illness" refers to a variety of mental disorders which share similar symptoms, but range greatly in severity. These disorders alters one's mood and behaviors, disrupt established sleep and sexual patterns, and cause fluctuations in energy level. Manic-depressive illness cause cycles of manic, energized highs followed by debilitating, lethargic lows. Such disorders usually develop early in life and intensify over time, leading to maniacal highs and devastating lows. The manic energy associated with mental disorders may cause a person to r... ...ve them of their inspiration and interfere with their creativity. It is a thorny, and relatively new, question, and Jamison merely outlines the controversy without offering an opinion on what should be done to rectify the situation, leaving the door open for further research. Mental illness in artists is a fascinating subject, and Jamison does an excellent job of providing a through portrait of many artists who have grappled with manic-depressive disorder, in addition to exploring how these disorders affect creativity and productivity. Jamison also maintains an awareness of the objections to her attempts to draw a correlation between the mental illness and the artistic community, and addresses these issues accordingly. References 1) Jamison, Kay Redfield. Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament. Ontario: Free Press, 1993.

English Lit Coursework Essay

Compare the ways in which the authors present contrasting worlds/ places and their thematic significance in Othello and two other texts. In all of the novels; ‘Othello’, ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘The Great Gatsby’, the authors, Shakespeare, Bronte and Fitzgerald, demonstrate how contrasting worlds disrupt equilibrium, especially the harmony or even possibility of relationships. The ultimate disruption within all of these texts is the barrier of class. In Wuthering Heights, Bronte compares the two houses; Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, to highlight the distance class creates between Heathcliff and Cathy, by embodying the characters and their values in the imagery of the houses. Wuthering Heights essentially is a deteriorating farm house. Bronte represents Heathcliff with this house, it’s anaesthetically pleasing and neglected, described as ‘a perfect misanthropist’s heaven’, giving reclusive and desolate connotations, reflecting the way Heathcliff becomes remote from society and isolated. On the other hand, Bronte describes Thrushcross Grange grandly, ‘carpeted with crimson’, ‘crimson covered chairs and tables’, this choice of colour gives rich connotations, of a ‘splendid place’, The choice of lexis ‘splendid’ giving an upper class tone . Nevertheless neither of Cathy or Heathcliff seems to prefer the luxurious Thrushcross Grange. Bronte does present Cathy to be superficial at times, but when Cathy tells Nelly about her dreams she explains that ‘heaven did not seem to be my home’ and that she ‘woke up sobbing for joy’ when she was flung ‘into the middle of the heath on top of Wuthering Heights’, Bronte uses this therefore to signify that Cathy sees Wuthering Heights and the moors as her heaven. Likewise she wants the window open when ill at Thrushcross Grange; here Bronte enforces the theme of imprisonment and entrapment, in a foreign world. Equally Thrushcross Grange has always been an alien and uncomfortable place to Heathcliff as we see when he chooses to grieve on the out skirting grounds of Thrushcross Grange in contrast with Edgar who stays inside. Nevertheless Bronte relates Cathy, a Linton to be, to Thrushcross Grange, a world of refinement and elegance, complimenting Cathy’s own descriptions as she grows into a lady Similarly to Wuthering Heights, Fitzgerald presents the comparison in class of two places, the buildings of East and West Egg in particular. West Egg is seen to be â€Å"the less fashionable of the two,† lacking in conventional aesthetics of refined and classy housing estates. This is shown by the fact Nick’s bungalow is carelessly built in the space between two mansions, this paints a garish image of clashing buildings. Whereas East Egg is ‘glittered’ with houses that are described as ‘white palaces’ with well kept lawns, suggesting well kept, good quality people, over all setting a lavish and opulent scene. Never the less, the houses themselves are concentrated on more so in Wuthering Heights as they are the dominant symbol of the two separate worlds, whereas Gatsby concentrates on the society around East Egg and West Egg, in order to emphasize the difference of the world Daisy and Tom inhabit in comparison to Gatsby’s world. Fitzgerald creates the symbolism of East and West Egg by choosing to rename Great Neck and Manhasset. West Egg is a place of newly rich settled opportunists, many like Gatsby who are seen to have acquired a fortune overnight and boast this through extravagant houses. West Egg has an overall vibrancy shown through ‘spectroscopic gayety’ with this Fitzgerald suggests a bright, colourful and energetic lifestyle. East Egg however is a fashionable part of Long Island, where the wealthy descendants, of a previous money making generation, live. In contrast with the West, they seem to be more withdrawn from enjoying themselves and proud of their ‘staid nobility’, with the exception of a few lapses at Gatsby’s parties. This lack of living for the moment comes across also in the way that they seem to want more in life in the East, but have no intentions of looking for it. Fitzgerald mocks the ambitionless simplicity of life that for example is demonstrated in Jordan and Daisy’s superficial conversation, ‘We ought to plan something’, ‘All right†¦ What’ll we plan? What do people plan? ‘ Similarly people lack genuine qualities, everything is based on etiquette and image, a prime example of this is when Mrs Sloane invites Gatsby to supper out of politeness but doesn’t expect him to actually come. Equally Shakespeare employs the theme of class, as a barrier between Othello and Desdemona, but unlike Bronte and Fitzgerald, he demonstrates the distinction through the discrimination drawn upon Othello. None the less, Shakespeare does use a comparison of two separate locations, Venice and Cypress. Shakespeare accomplishes a dramatic tone in the play Othello through the use of a variation of techniques, for example dramatic irony. Likewise Shakespeare uses contrasting worlds, for instance the contrast between Venice and Cyprus, Venice is portrayed to be a respected origin, it has a positive representation in the play, being the place in which Desdemona and Othello fell in love. Cypress on the other hand is surrounded in conflict, described as a ‘war-like isle’, a direct comparison to Venice; it is also the place where Othello and Desdemona’s love suffers. The two countries are essential to Shakespeare’s comparison between the worlds of war and love and how Othello struggles to find a balance between the two. ‘The warlike moor’ encounters the conflict between the roles of being an inexperienced loving husband and a hardened military soldier. He’s used to of course an all male environment, a soldier’s life style, uneducated in the domestic world of females. He can deal with the ‘flinty and steel couch of war’ yet is ‘little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace. Shakespeare devises Othello’s dialogue to show how he is more comfortable with language from the semantic field of war than pet nick names, calling Desdemona ‘My fair Warrior’. Othello may be respected for his military efforts, after all this is all we see him praised for, no credit is given to the fact he is marrying Desdemona even their wedding celebration is shared with a military celebration. Considering this Shakespeare presents him very much as an outsider, the only black protagonist, he doesn’t qualify as a gentleman, and is included in society purely as he is an acquaintance of Brabantio and Cassio.

The Same Sexe Mariage

The aim of this article is to have a big picture of the debating on the same sex marriage and the adoption of children by same sex-couples. In fact, this question makes a real society debate in France. Nowadays, many people think that the same- sex marriage is a good evolution of mentalities, and a big step in the French culture. Indeed, the marriage for everyone is an achievement to equality and human rights. We emphasize that the marriage cannot be denied for two people who love each other. It should therefore not forget that marriage is merely a contract established by two people.And the situation in which the government is paradoxical because we should not forget that marriage for all concerns only a few thousand people in France. It is a minority. The fact that a family will be unbalanced if there are two fathers or two mothers is really unfounded. Because in some situations, two fathers or two mothers best educate children than a classic couple. And it is quite possible that tw o gay parents are divided the roles in the education of a child. Finally on this point, if this problem is a religious problem. It must not be forgotten that the state is completely independent of the church.So It has nothing to say about what the state should do. To conclude, I think marriage for all Is a good thing because It shows that the society is able to evolve In the right direction. And this would Increase the gap between church and state, which would be beneficial for everyone. Because the church can get ideas to those who believe In It. But shall In no case be put his own choice before everyone. Because for most people, the choices that the church Is Just incomprehensible. By cons, It must be noted that the case of adoption for all Is still a thing that will take time to be accepted, because It creates more problems.

Multinationals-Exploiting attributes of different locations Essay

Multinationals-Exploiting attributes of different locations - Essay Example Foreign Direct Investment in many developing countries have stunted the growth of indigenous industries and also resulted in large scale exploitation of the resources of that particular region. Political Economy-cases and methods of multinational exploitation Multinational companies principally exploit the attributes of different locations either by following labour laws that do not reflect the current sentiment in the market or by monopolising the market in such a way that competition from the native country is slowly relegated. Unfair practices in cahoots with the government also result in large scale exploitation of natural resources. Some of the cases and theories of exploitation by multinationals have been discussed. 1. One case study of the garment industry from around the world is carried out to ascertain the working conditions of those employed in this industry. The industrial term for such factories are ‘sweatshops’ which employ workers at low wages and force th em to work in unhygienic conditions for a long period of time. It is said that the garment industry in Central America employs 80% women between the age group of 14-26. At Doall, a Korean company operating in El Salvador that makes the famous LizWear and Liz Claiborne fashions; women are made to work from 6.50 am to 10.30 pm with two half hour breaks, one for lunch and the other for dinner. (VIDEA, 2000 ) In the rush hour months they have to work for 7 days week clocking roughly 90 hours. To prevent them from sleeping, the company also encourages them to take a ‘No Doze’ pill which is a highly unethical practice. For the first eight hours these workers are paid 60 cents an hour and 1.20 dollars per hour as overtime. To sum up a worker would be paid 8.40 dollars for an arduous 11 hour shift which is considered far below the minimum wage requirement. (VIDEA, 2000) The Liz Claiborne collection is, however, marketed as very modern, fashionable and sophisticated dress around the world. However if indications are to show the working conditions at the Doall factory in El Salvador is anything but sophisticated. Apart from low wages, the working conditions are pathetic. Air that is full of dust and lint cause breathing problems, skin rashes and other kind of allergies. Bathroom breaks are limited and workers are obligated to work overtime. Failure to adhere to these norms results in suspension or withholding of ‘attendance’ bonuses. Apart from these excesses, new workers are forced to take blood and pregnancy tests to prevent employing pregnant women. Women in the ironing and cleaning sections are forced to stand all day causing inflammation in the feet and working ambience is especially unpleasant with supervisors yelling at them for not being able to meet targets. (VIDEA, 2000) Employers know that any kind of trade unionism with the nature of work involved would cause severe problems for the company. Hence any kind of activity to that effect either by way of organization or by distributing trade union literature is considered subversive. Studies carried out by National Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice Workers in factories of Lavapant, Vaqueros and Cantabria indicate that workers were not paid overtime even though they had worked over 60 hours. This is in violation to the Mexican

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change Essay

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change - Essay Example Moreover generating short term wins. Also, making sure that the change is here to stay, and be altered again as per the need of the hour. Kotter moreover maintains that a big number of individuals are required to make alterations take place rather than any single individual along with their wants to be a society of leadership inside the organization. The people, who have contributed in the formation of the organization, were not in for it for fame, they were in it for the passion of the field of bio technology, and how they wanted to change the whole field of research with their remarkable findings. Looking at Don , it seems that he has been a good leader moving on with his participative style of leadership until this point in time , he has maintained a very cooperative environment , and also has maintained a very cordial relationship with the pioneer team members which has reaped him huge fame and revenues. Accordingly, he has always recognized his employee efforts at each and every step of his progress (Kelly, 1998). Now, currently, the company is facing the scenario of globalization that is taking place around the world very rapidly in every field of life .The bio technology field now demands innovative technology products and new research genres, for which Don along with the approval of his board members is jumping onto the act of an IPO. Wherein, presumably the results will put them on a higher scale even in terms of Wall Street as well as his own corporation, by going public. Gene one needs to work really hard on the project as the team members who are within the senior management are not too experienced with the concept f handling an entire IPO process. It also seems that this is taking a toll on all the senior management's attitude as well as their performance and relationship amongst each other and amongst their team members. As a result of the new suggestion of switching onto an IPO and public, the team members and the other players, have started laying hands on each other, presuming that the target is unachievable, some of them are also presumable not too happy about the IPO decision. Within this situation Teri sends in her resignation, which is compelling don to think that maybe he is not the right person to be handling or leading his team at this point in time. There are several recommendations that can be made but it would be best to relate to this with the leadership literature. A change strategy: Don to begin with needs to comprehend the detail that victorious leadership approaches ought to diverge with administrative inferences of change in addition to the total of time required to achieve the desired revisions. additionally his team members who think about this stride of

Implementation & Analysis of Public Policy Essay

Implementation & Analysis of Public Policy - Essay Example e 2004 general elections before the voters to 2006 and later 2008 with an election outcome of 52.7 percent voting in favor of the project (Albalate 15). This approval was for the first segment of the proposed railway system that was dubbed Proposition 1A. As Albalate asserts, the entire project was estimated to cost forty billion dollars, however, the authority responsible for the execution of the plan releases a novel cost estimation ranging between $98.5 billion and $118 billion. The system is anticipated to complete in 2035 whereby it will carry 120,000 riders each day at a speed of 200 miles per hour, if it gets built successfully (16). Despite the gobs of benefits anticipated from the proposed rail system, there has been criticism hitherto. The proposed rail system intends to meet California’s transportation needs of the 21st century. The 800-mile running rail is purposed to connect the major regions of the state such as San Francisco and Los Angeles. With the congestion in the transport systems, it is feasible to implement a system that will help in reducing both the inconveniences and time taken to travel. The state of California experiences severe air pollutions, and to eliminate this, the proposed rail system aims at achieving a cleaner environment wiping out the auto travel, which is the main agent of air pollution. The elimination of autos from the transport system will also reduce the state’s reliance on foreign oils. For other means of transport, the high-speed rail project will enhance connectivity. The rail system is also calculated at contributing to the state’s economic development and job creation for the persistently heightened unemployment characterized population. Besides, the high- speed rail system aspires to protect the preserved, ecologically sensitive, and agricultural lands by reducing the per passenger emissions, during travel, across the state of California (Jones 228). After the completion of the project, Californians have much

Journal Article Critique (Recognizing Heart Failure (ACEIs) )

Journal Critique (Recognizing Heart Failure (ACEIs) ) - Article Example Each stage has relevant information that can be relayed to the patient with the goal in mind of making the patient responsible for the maintenance of his own heart especially in the early stages. Also, the article emphasizes the value of sticking to a medication regimen, consuming a healthy food, as well as exercising as means of preventing heart failure. Heart failure is a disease that afflicts no less than half a million Americans each year according to the article. This makes the disease top the list of diseases that cause mortality. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute heart failure is commonly caused by diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension , and diabetes. Nevertheless, the article argues that heart failure can be linked to any of these dysfunction: systolic or diastolic. The aforementioned causes cited by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute are usually diastolic dysfunction. On order to get a complete evaluation of patients suspected with heart failure, they undergo chest X-ray, an electrocardiogram( ECG) and Echo cardiogram. The initial workup for a patient with suspected heart failure includes lab tests, a chest X-ray, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and an echocardiogram. In addition to this, the Mayo Clinic website cited other tests that may prove helpful such as : stress test, coronary cat hetherization ( angiogram ), MRI or cardiac CT. Each test has a corresponding purpose that may reveal a symptom. For example, angiogram helps in determining the presence or even extent of coronary artery disease. The article extensively discussed the stages outlined in the AHA/ACC guidelines. The first stage which is known as Stage A, is a stage that aims to control the condition of the patient by suggesting interventions such as controlling hypertension. Controlling high blood pressure is crucial in preventing heart failure

Human postural Sway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human postural Sway - Essay Example In this paper we present the observation where 10 healthy subjects of mean age 25 are examined to find out a relationship between postural sway during quite-stance and perturbation with and without muscle fatigue. We also observe the effect of vision on postural sway on both normal and fatigued conditions. Human control of upright body posture involves inputs from several senses (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, somatosensory) and their central interactions. Multiple sensory systems of human body are involved in tandem for controlling quite standing. Studies show that there is an indirect and presumably cognitive relationship between visual effects on posture control and their intersensory interactions (BLMLEA. et al, 2006). During quite stance position, center of mass (COM) is stabilized over base of support by using low level muscular movements and body sways around the point of support like an inverted pendulum (Johansson R, Magnusson M, Akesson M. 1988). This led to the hypothesis of inverted pendulum. Any defect, alteration or malfunctioning of the sensory or motor components increases body sway and hence increases the muscle activity to maintain postural equilibrium (Dietz V. 1992). Minor perturbations occurring during normal stance can be counteracted by the regulation of ankle muscles (Schieppati M et al, 1994 and McClenaghan BA et al 1996). Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon that has been defined as a reduction in the force-generating capacity of muscles, regardless of the task performed (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Though, how fatigues affect the postural control system is not clear there are several fatigue related mechanisms involved at different levels of the nervous system that could affect the regulation of these small forces. Muscle fatigue causes failure of transmission of neural signals and disables the muscles to respond to the neural currents (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Muscle fatigue also alters the basic functioning of complete nervous system and causes failure of motoneurons excitement. Effects of a muscle fatigue on human postural sway can be studied by inducing momentary fatigue by physical exertion. Studies show a mild difference in effects of a fatigue on sway with and without vision (Lepers R. and Nardone A. et al). To examine the effects of a fatigue on human postural control, in this experiment muscle fatigue is induced in ankle

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay Example for Free

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay James Fenimore Cooper (Photo courtesy Library of Congress) The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Yet with the exception of outstanding political writing, few works of note appeared during or soon after the Revolution. American books were harshly reviewed in England. Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession. As one American magazine editor wrote, around 1816, Dependence is a state of degradation fraught with disgrace, and to be dependent on a foreign mind for what we can ourselves produce is to add to the crime of indolence the weakness of stupidity. Cultural revolutions, unlike military revolutions, cannot be successfully imposed but must grow from the soil of shared experience. Revolutions are expressions of the heart of the people; they grow gradually out of new sensibilities and wealth of experience. It would take 50 years of accumulated history for America to earn its cultural independence and to produce the first great generation of American writers: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson. Americas literary independence was slowed by a lingering identification with England, an excessive imitation of English or classical literary models, and difficult economic and political conditions that hampered publishing. Revolutionary writers, despite their genuine patriotism, were of necessity self-conscious, and they could never find roots in their American sensibilities. Colonial writers of the revolutionary generation had been born English, had grown to maturity as English citizens, and had cultivated English modes of thought and English fashions in dress and behavior. Their parents and grandparents were English (or European), as were all their friends. Added to this, American awareness of literary fashion still lagged behind the English, and this time lag intensified American imitation. Fifty years after their fame in England, English neoclassic writers such as Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Oliver Goldsmith, and Samuel Johnson were still eagerly imitated in America. Moreover, the heady challenges of building a new nation attracted talented and educated people to politics, law, and diplomacy. These pursuits brought honor, glory, and financial security. Writing, on the other hand, did not pay. Early American writers, now separated from England, effectively had no modern publishers, no audience, and no adequate legal protection. Editorial assistance, distribution, and publicity were rudimentary. Until 1825, most American authors paid printers to publish their work. Obviously only the leisured and independently wealthy, like Washington Irving and the New York Knickerbocker group, or the group of Connecticut poets known as the Hartford Wits, could afford to indulge their interest in writing. The exception, Benjamin Franklin, though from a poor family, was a printer by trade and could publish his own work. Charles Brockden Brown was more typical. The author of several interesting Gothic romances, Brown was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. But his short life ended in poverty. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America wanted well-known European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous rulers. This preference for English works was not entirely unreasonable, considering the inferiority of American output, but it worsened the situation by depriving American authors of an audience. Only journalism offered financial remuneration, but the mass audience wanted light, undemanding verse and short topical essays not long or experimental work. The absence of adequate copyright laws was perhaps the clearest cause of literary stagnation. American printers pirating English best-sellers understandably were unwilling to pay an American author for unknown material. The unauthorized reprinting of foreign books was originally seen as a service to the colonies as well as a source of profit for printers like Franklin, who reprinted works of the classics and great European books to educate the American public. Printers everywhere in America followed his lead. There are notorious examples of pirating. Matthew Carey, an important American publisher, paid a London agent a sort of literary spy to send copies of unbound pages, or even proofs, to him in fast ships that could sail to America in a month. Careys men would sail out to meet the incoming ships in the harbor and speed the pirated books  into print using typesetters who divided the book into sections and worked in shifts around the clock. Such a pirated English book could be reprinted in a day and placed on the shelves for sale in American bookstores almost as fast as in England. Because imported authorized editions were more expensive and could not compete with pirated ones, the copyright situation damaged foreign authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens, along with American authors. But at least the foreign authors had already been paid by their original publishers and were already well known. Americans such as James Fenimore Cooper not only failed to receive adequate payment, but they had to suffer seeing their works pirated under their noses. Coopers first successful book, The Spy (1821), was pirated by four different printers within a month of its appearance. Ironically, the copyright law of 1790, which allowed pirating, was nationalistic in intent. Drafted by Noah Webster, the great lexicographer who later compiled an American dictionary, the law protected only the work of American authors; it was felt that English writers should look out for themselves. Bad as the law was, none of the early publishers were willing to have it changed because it proved profitable for them. Piracy starved the first generation of revolutionary American writers; not surprisingly, the generation after them produced even less work of merit. The high point of piracy, in 1815, corresponds with the low point of American writing. Nevertheless, the cheap and plentiful supply of pirated foreign books and classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Americans, including the first great writers, who began to make their appearance around 1825. THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin, whom the Scottish philosopher David Hume called Americas first great man of letters, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality. Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. Franklin was a second-generation immigrant. His Puritan father, a chandler (candle-maker), came to Boston, Massachusetts, from England in 1683. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual. Self-educated but well-read in John Locke, Lord Shaftesbury, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition in particular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition when it threatened to smother his ideals. While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and practiced writing for the public. When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated with the upper classes. He also had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self-scrutiny, and the desire to better himself. These qualities steadily propelled him to wealth, respectability, and honor. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and initiating a characteristically American genre the self-help book. Franklins Poor Richards Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort the reader in pithy, memorable sayings. In The Way to Wealth, which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham, a plain clean old Man, with white Locks, quotes Poor Richard at length. A Word to the Wise is enough, he says. God helps them that help themselves. Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Poor Richard is a psychologist (Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them), and he always counsels hard work (Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck). Do not be lazy, he advises, for One To-day is worth two tomorrow. Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate his points: A little Neglect may breed great Mischief. For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail. Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children. A small leak will sink a great Ship. Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them. Franklins Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self- improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject. To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable calendrical record book in which he worked on one virtue each week, recording each lapse with a black spot. His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification. The project of self-improvement blends the Enlightenment belief in perfectibility with the Puritan habit of moral self-scrutiny. Franklin saw early that writing could best advance his ideas, and he therefore deliberately perfected his supple prose style, not as an end in itself but as a tool. Write with the learned. Pronounce with the vulgar, he advised. A scientist, he followed the Royal (scientific) Societys 1667 advice to use a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness, bringing all things as near the mathematical plainness as they can. Despite his prosperity and fame, Franklin never lost his democratic sensibility, and he was an important figure at the 1787 convention at which the U. S. Constitution was drafted. In his later years, he was president of an antislavery association. One of his last efforts was to promote universal public education. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813) Another Enlightenment figure is Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782) gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New York City before the Revolution, Crevecoeur enthusiastically praised the colonies for their industry, tolerance, and growing prosperity in 12 letters that depict America as an agrarian paradise a vision that would inspire Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and many other writers up to the present. Crevecoeur was the earliest European to develop a considered view of America and the new American character. The first to exploit the melting pot image of America, in a famous passage he asks: What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause changes in the world. THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET: Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Over 2,000 pamphlets were published during the Revolution. The pamphlets thrilled patriots and threatened loyalists; they filled the role of drama, as they were often read aloud in public to excite audiences. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps; British Loyalists threw them into public bonfires. Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its publication. It is still rousing today. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind, Paine wrote, voicing the idea of American exceptionalism still strong in the United States that in some fundamental sense, since America is a democratic experiment and a country theoretically open to all immigrants, the fate of America foreshadows the fate of humanity at large. Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the voters. And to have informed voters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the proliferation of newspapers. More newspapers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world. Immigration also mandated a simple style. Clarity was vital to a newcomer, for whom English might be a second language. Thomas Jeffersons original draft of the Declaration of Independence is clear and logical, but his committees modifications made it even simpler. The Federalist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, suitable for debate in a democratic nation. NEOCLASSISM: EPIC, MOCK EPIC, AND SATIRE Unfortunately, literary writing was not as simple and direct as political writing. When trying to write poetry, most educated authors stumbled into the pitfall of elegant neoclassicism. The epic, in particular, exercised a fatal attraction. American literary patriots felt sure that the great American Revolution naturally would find expression in the epic a long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero. Many writers tried but none succeeded. Timothy Dwight (1752-1817), one of the group of writers known as the Hartford Wits, is an example. Dwight, who eventually became the president of Yale University, based his epic, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), on the Biblical story of Joshuas struggle to enter the Promised Land. Dwight cast General Washington, commander of the American army and later the first president of the United States, as Joshua in his allegory and borrowed the couplet form that Alexander Pope used to translate Homer. Dwights epic was as boring as it was ambitious. English critics demolished it; even Dwights friends, such as John Trumbull (1750-1831), remained unenthusiastic. So much thunder and lightning raged in the melodramatic battle scenes that Trumbull proposed that the epic be provided with lightning rods. Not surprisingly, satirical poetry fared much better than serious verse. The mock epic genre encouraged American poets to use their natural voices and did not lure them into a bog of pretentious and predictable patriotic sentiments and faceless conventional poetic epithets out of the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil by way of the English poets. In mock epics like John Trumbulls good-humored MFingal (1776-82), stylized emotions and conventional turns of phrase are ammunition for good satire, and the bombastic oratory of the revolution is itself ridiculed. Modeled on the British poet Samuel Butlers Hudibras, the mock epic derides a Tory, MFingal. It is often pithy, as when noting of condemned criminals facing hanging: No man eer felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. MFingal went into over 30 editions, was reprinted for a half-century, and was appreciated in England as well as America. Satire appealed to Revolutionary audiences partly because it contained social comment and criticism, and political topics and social problems were the main subjects of the day. The first American comedy to be performed, The Contrast (produced 1787) by Royall Tyler (1757-1826), humorously contrasts Colonel Manly, an American officer, with Dimple, who imitates English fashions. Naturally, Dimple is made to look ridiculous. The play introduces the first Yankee character, Jonathan. Another satirical work, the novel Modern Chivalry, published by Hugh Henry Brackenridge in installments from 1792 to 1815, memorably lampoons the excesses of the age. Brackenridge (1748- 1816), a Scottish immigrant raised on the American frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote; it describes the misadventures of Captain Farrago and his stupid, brutal, yet appealingly human, servant Teague ORegan. POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Philip Freneau (1752-1832). One poet, Philip Freneau, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits. The key to both his success and his failure was his passionately democratic spirit combined with an inflexible temper. The Hartford Wits, all of them undoubted patriots, reflected the general cultural conservatism of the educated classes. Freneau set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complaining of the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions. Although Freneau received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes. From a Huguenot (radical French Protestant) background, Freneau fought as a militiaman during the Revolutionary War. In 1780, he was captured and imprisoned in two British ships, where he almost died before his family managed to get him released. His poem The British Prison Ship is a bitter condemnation of the cruelties of the British, who wished to stain the world with gore. This piece and other revolutionary works, including Eutaw Springs, American Liberty, A Political Litany, A Midnight Consultation, and George the Thirds Soliloquy, brought him fame as the Poet of the American Revolution. Freneau edited a number of journals during his life, always mindful of the great cause of democracy. When Thomas Jefferson helped him establish the militant, anti-Federalist National Gazette in 1791, Freneau became the first powerful, crusading newspaper editor in America, and the literary predecessor of William Cullen Bryant, William Lloyd Garrison, and H.L. Mencken. As a poet and editor, Freneau adhered to his democratic ideals. His popular poems, published in newspapers for the average reader, regularly celebrated American subjects. The Virtue of Tobacco concerns the indigenous plant, a mainstay of the southern economy, while The Jug of Rum celebrates the alcoholic drink of the West Indies, a crucial commodity of early American trade and a major New World export. Common American characters lived in The Pilot of Hatteras, as well as in poems about quack doctors and bombastic evangelists. Freneau commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologized works such as The Wild Honeysuckle (1786), which evokes a sweet-smelling native shrub. Not until the American Renaissance that began in the 1820s would American poetry surpass the heights that Freneau had scaled 40 years earlier. Additional groundwork for later literary achievement was laid during the early years. Nationalism inspired publications in many fields, leading to a new appreciation of things American. Noah Webster (1758-1843) devised an American Dictionary, as well as an important reader and speller for the schools. His Spelling Book sold more than 100 million copies over the years. Updated Websters dictionaries are still standard today. The American Geography, by Jedidiah Morse, another landmark reference work, promoted knowledge of the vast and expanding American land itself. Some of the most interesting if nonliterary writings of the period are the journals of frontiersmen and explorers such as Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and  Zebulon Pike (1779-1813), who wrote accounts of expeditions across the Louisiana Territory, the vast portion of the North American continent that Thomas Jefferson purchased from Napoleon in 1803. WRITERS OF FICTION. The first important fiction writers widely recognized today, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper, used American subjects, historical perspectives, themes of change, and nostalgic tones. They wrote in many prose genres, initiated new forms, and found new ways to make a living through literature. With them, American literature began to be read and appreciated in the United States and abroad. Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) Already mentioned as the first professional American writer, Charles Brockden Brown was inspired by the English writers Mrs. Radcliffe and English William Godwin. (Radcliffe was known for her terrifying Gothic novels; a novelist and social reformer, Godwin was the father of Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein and married English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. ) Driven by poverty, Brown hastily penned four haunting novels in two years: Wieland (1798), Arthur Mervyn (1799), Ormond (1799), and Edgar Huntley (1799). In them, he developed the genre of American Gothic. The Gothic novel was a popular genre of the day featuring exotic and wild settings, disturbing psychological depth, and much suspense. Trappings included ruined castles or abbeys, ghosts, mysterious secrets, threatening figures, and solitary maidens who survive by their wits and spiritual strength. At their best, such novels offer tremendous suspense and hints of magic, along with profound explorations of the human soul in extremity. Critics suggest that Browns Gothic sensibility expresses deep anxieties about the inadequate social institutions of the new nation. Brown used distinctively American settings. A man of ideas, he dramatized scientific theories, developed a personal theory of fiction, and championed high literary standards despite personal poverty. Though flawed, his works are darkly powerful. Increasingly, he is seen as the precursor of romantic writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. He expresses subconscious fears that the outwardly optimistic Enlightenment period drove underground. Washington Irving (1789-1859). The youngest of 11 children born to a well-to-do New York merchant family, Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite his talent, he probably would not have become a full-time professional writer, given the lack of financial rewards, if a series of fortuitous incidents had not thrust writing as a profession upon him. Through friends, he was able to publish his Sketch Book (1819-1820) simultaneously in England and America, obtaining copyrights and payment in both countries. The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon (Irvings pseudonym) contains his two best remembered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sketch aptly describes Irvings delicate, elegant, yet seemingly casual style, and crayon suggests his ability as a colorist or creator of rich, nuanced tones and emotional effects. In the Sketch Book, Irving transforms the Catskill Mountains along the Hudson River north of New York City into a fabulous, magical region. American readers gratefully accepted Irvings imagined history of the Catskills, despite the fact (unknown to them) that he had adapted his stories from a German source. Irving gave America something it badly needed in the brash, materialistic early years: an imaginative way of relating to the new land. No writer was as successful as Irving at humanizing the land, endowing it with a name and a face and a set of legends. The story of Rip Van Winkle, who slept for 20 years, waking to find the colonies had become independent, eventually became folklore. It was adapted for the stage, went into the oral tradition, and was gradually accepted as authentic American legend by generations of Americans. Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nations sense of history. His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nations soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history: the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickerbocker (hence the name of Irvings friends and New York writers of the day, the Knickerbocker School). James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) James Fenimore Cooper, like Irving, evoked a sense of the past and gave it a local habitation and a name. In Cooper, though, one finds the powerful myth of a golden age and the poignance of its loss. While Irving and other American writers before and after him scoured Europe in search of its legends, castles, and great themes, Cooper grasped the essential myth of America: that it was timeless, like the wilderness. American history was a trespass on the eternal; European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden. The cyclical realm of nature was glimpsed only in the act of destroying it: The wilderness disappeared in front of American eyes, vanishing before the oncoming pioneers like a mirage. This is Coopers basic tragic vision of the ironic destruction of the wilderness, the new Eden that had attracted the colonists in the first place. Personal experience enabled Cooper to write vividly of the transformation of the wilderness and of other subjects such as the sea and the clash of peoples from different cultures. The son of a Quaker family, he grew up on his fathers remote estate at Otsego Lake (now Cooperstown) in central New York State. Although this area was relatively peaceful during Coopers boyhood, it had once been the scene of an Indian massacre. Young Fenimore Cooper grew up in an almost feudal environment. His father, Judge Cooper, was a landowner and leader. Cooper saw frontiersmen and Indians at Otsego Lake as a boy; in later life, bold white settlers intruded on his land. Natty Bumppo, Coopers renowned literary character, embodies his vision of the frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian natural aristocrat. Early in 1823, in The Pioneers, Cooper had begun to discover Bumppo. Natty is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. He is the idealized, upright individualist who is better than the society he protects. Poor and isolated, yet pure, he is a touchstone for ethical values and prefigures Herman Melvilles Billy Budd and Mark Twains Huck Finn. Based in part on the real life of American pioneer Daniel Boone who was a Quaker like Cooper Natty Bumppo, an outstanding woodsman like Boone, was a peaceful man adopted by an Indian tribe. Both Boone and the fictional Bumppo loved nature and freedom. They constantly kept moving west to escape the oncoming settlers they had guided into the wilderness, and they became legends in their own lifetimes. Natty is also chaste, high-minded, and deeply spiritual: He is the Christian knight of medieval romances transposed to the virgin forest and rocky soil of America. The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Coopers finest achievement, they constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. Coopers novels portray the successive waves of the frontier settlement: the original wilderness inhabited by Indians; the arrival of the first whites as scouts, soldiers, traders, and frontiersmen; the coming of the poor, rough settler families; and the final arrival of the middle class, bringing the first professionals the judge, the physician, and the banker. Each incoming wave displaced the earlier: Whites displaced the Indians, who retreated westward; the civilized middle classes who erected schools, churches, and jails displaced the lower-class individualistic frontier folk, who moved further west, in turn displacing the Indians who had preceded them. Cooper evokes the endless, inevitable wave of settlers, seeing not only the gains but the losses. Coopers novels reveal a deep tension between the lone individual and society, nature and culture, spirituality and organized religion. In Cooper, the natural world and the Indian are fundamentally good as is the highly civilized realm associated with his most cultured characters. Intermediate characters are often suspect, especially greedy, poor white settlers who are too uneducated or unrefined to appreciate nature or culture. Like Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forster, Herman Melville, and other sensitive observers of widely varied cultures interacting with each other, Cooper was a cultural relativist. He understood that no culture had a monopoly on virtue or refinement. Cooper accepted the American condition while Irving did not. Irving addressed the American setting as a European might have by importing and adapting European legends, culture, and history. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new, distinctively American characters and themes. He was the first to sound the recurring tragic note in American fiction. WOMEN AND MINORITIES Although the colonial period produced several women writers of note, the revolutionary era did not further the work of women and minorities, despite the many schools, magazines, newspapers, and literary clubs that were springing up. Colonial women such as Anne Bradstreet, Anne Hutchinson, Ann Cotton, and Sarah Kemble Knight exerted considerable social and literary influence in spite of primitive conditions and dangers; of the 18 women who came to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, only four survived the first year. When every able-bodied person counted and conditions were fluid, innate talent could find expression. But as cultural institutions became formalized in the new republic, women and minorities gradually were excluded from them. Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) Given the hardships of life in early America, it is ironic that some of the best poetry of the period was written by an exceptional slave woman. The first African-American author of importance in the United States, Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was about seven, where she was purchased by the pious and wealthy tailor John Wheatley to be a companion for his wife. The Wheatleys recognized Philliss remarkable inte.